Part 1 Vocabulary Selection
1[单选题]()came that Japan insists on withdrawing from the International Whaling Commission.
AThe word
BWords
Cword
DThe words
参考答案：C
Section 2 Reading Comprehension
2[单选题]According to UNICEF, around 564 million Indians, nearly half the population, still defecate in the open - in fields, forests, next to ponds, along highway medians and on the beach.
That spreads diseases and causes other public and personal problems.
It is no accident that “Toilet” opens with a beautifully lit scene of women trudging out of their village right before sunrise, each one carrying a little brass jug of water to wash with. They are traveling in a group for safety.
Rural women sometimes endure taunts and even sexual assault when they relieve themselves outdoors, so they travel in small groups, often before dawn, for protection.
“This is a real problem,” said Jagmati Sangwan, a women’s rights advocate. “So many women, especially landless women, face a lot of violence when they go to the bathroom outside."
Tb avoid being leered at during the day, some women hold on for hours for darkness to fall. Waiting that long can create health problems, particularly for pregnant women, who are highly susceptible to urinary tract infections, experts say.
A recent study found a troubling correlation between pregnant mothers who had no toilet facilities and low birth weight.
Not helping matters, hard-liners with the governing Bharatiya Janata Party, Or B.J.P, have photographed women who relieve themselves outside in an effort to shame them. Earlier this year, a man who stood up for such women was beaten to death.
Government officials say they have spent $4 billion to help install 50 million toilets so far, building community latrines and providing subsidies for people to put them in their homes. The Modi government runs a website bestowing on top-Performing villages a special "ODF" (Open Defecation Free) status.
Their efforts have earned praise abroad.Bill Gates, the billionaire co-founder of Microsoft, wrote on his blog: “I can’t think of another time when a national leader has broached such a sensitive topic so frankly and so publicly. Even better, Modi backed up his words with actions.”
But Mr. Modi’s detractors say there may be more emphasis on image than deed, and that in many areas party apparatchiks are so eager to fall in line with the prime minister’s directives that they are putting up latrines that are not connected to sewers or septic systems.
several businessmen in New Delhi said government agencies are in such a rush that they are awarding contracts left and right with little oversight and often to businesses that know nothing about sanitation. According to Indian news reports, countless rupees have disappeared in shady toilet deals.
Sanitation specialists say that with less than 5 percent of India’s nearly 8,000 cities and towns having sewage treatment plants, it is far from clear where all the waste will go.
“There’s a blind scramble to make a toilet, Whether it is usable or not,” said Bezwada Wilson, an official with the Sanitation Workers’Movement, an advocacy organization. “It has become a business, and resulted in the corporatization of the toilet.”
According to the passage, Who made efforts to improve the condition of toilet in India?
ABill Gates
BSeveral businessmen in New Delhi
CThe Modi government
DBharatiya Janata Party or
参考答案：C
3[单选题]About two-thirds of the world's population is expected to live in cities by the year 2020 and, according to the United Nations, approximately 3.7 billion people will inhabit urban areas some 10 years later.As cities grow, so do the number of buildings that characterize them: office towers, factories, shopping malls and high-rise apartment buildings.These structures depend on artificial ventilation systems to keep clean and cool air flowing to the people inside.We know these systems by the term “air-conditioning”.
Although many of us may feel air-conditioners bring relief from hot, humid or polluted outside air, they pose many potential health hazards.Much research has looked at how the circulation of air inside a closed environment — such as an office building — can spread disease or expose occupants to harmful chemicals.
One of the more widely publicized dangers is that of Legionnaire's disease, which was first recognized in the 1970s.This was found to have affected people in buildings with air-conditioning systems in which warm air pumped out of the system^ cooling towers was somehow sucked back into the air intake, in most cases due to poor design.This warm air was, needless to say, the perfect environment for the rapid growth of disease-carrying bacteria originating from outside the building, where it existed in harmless quantities.The warm, bacteria-laden air was combined with cooled, conditioned air and was then circulated around various parts of the building.Studies showed that even people outside such buildings were at risk if they walked past air exhaust ducts.Cases of Legionnaire's disease are becoming fewer with newer system designs and modifications to older systems, but many older buildings, particularly in developing countries, require constant monitoring.
The ways in which air-conditioners work to “clean” the air can inadvertently cause health problems, too.One such way is with the use of an electrostatic precipitator, which removes dust and smoke particles from the air.What precipitators also do, however, is to emit large quantities of positive air ions into the ventilation system.A growing number of studies show that overexposure to positive air ions can result in headaches, fatigue and feelings of irritation.
Large air-conditioning systems add water to the air they circulate by means of humidifiers.In older systems, the water used for this process is kept in special reservoirs, the bottoms of which provide breeding grounds for bacteria and fungi which can find their way into the ventilation system.The risk to human health from this situation has been highlighted by the fact that the immune systems of approximately half of workers in air-conditioned office buildings have developed antibodies to fight off the organisms found at the bottom of system reservoirs.Chemical disinfectants，called “biocides”，that are added to reservoirs to make them germ-free, are dangerous in their own right in sufficient quantities, as they often contain compounds such as pentachlorophenol, which is strongly linked to abdominal cancers.
Finally, it should be pointed out that the artificial climatic environment created by air-conditioners can also adversely affect us.In a natural environment, whether indoor or outdoor, there are small variations in temperature and humidity.Indeed, the human body has long been accustomed to these normal changes.In an air-conditioned living or work environment, however, body temperatures remain well under 37°C, our normal temperature.This leads to a weakened immune system and thus greater susceptibility to diseases such as colds and flu.
Which of the following substances CANNOT be found directly from an old ventilation
system?
AChemical disinfectants.
BBacteria.
CFungi.
DPentachlorophenol.
参考答案：D
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