Cancer
癌症
Cancer is the uncontrolled growth and spread of cells. It can affect almost any part of the body. The growths often invade surrounding tissue and can metastasize to distant sites.
癌症是细胞不受控制的增长和扩散。它可影响几乎人体的任何部分。肿瘤常常侵入周围的组织并可转移到其它部位。
Many cancers can be prevented by avoiding exposure to common risk factors, such as tobacco smoke. In addition, a significant proportion of cancers can be cured, by surgery, radiotherapy or chemotherapy, especially if they are detected early.
通过避免接触常见的高危因素(例如烟草烟雾)，可预防多种癌症。此外，通过手术、放疗或化疗，很大一部分癌症可以治愈，尤其如果在早期发现。
What causes cancer?
癌症由何引起?
Cancer arises from the transformation of normal cells into tumour cells in a multistage process that generally progresses from a pre-cancerous lesion to a malignant tumour. These changes are the result of the interaction between a person's genetic factors and 3 categories of external agents, including:
癌症源于正常细胞转变为肿瘤细胞的多阶段过程，通常从癌前病变发展到恶性肿瘤。这些变化是人们的基因因素和三种外部因素之间相互作用的结果，外部因素包括：physical carcinogens, such as ultraviolet and ionizing radiation;物理致癌物，例如紫外线和电离辐射;
chemical carcinogens, such as asbestos, components of tobacco smoke, aflatoxin (a food contaminant), and arsenic (a drinking water contaminant); and biological carcinogens, such as infections from certain viruses, bacteria, or parasites.
化学致癌物，例如石棉、烟草烟雾成分、黄曲霉毒素(一种食品污染物)和砷(一种饮水污染物);以及生物致癌物，例如由某些病毒、细菌或寄生虫引起的感染。
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