Asthma
哮喘
Asthma is a major noncommunicable disease characterized by recurrent attacks of breathlessness and wheezing, which vary in severity and frequency from person to person. Symptoms may occur several times in a day or week in affected individuals, and for some people become worse during physical activity or at night. During an asthma attack, the lining of the bronchial tubes swell, causing the airways to narrow and reducing the flow of air into and out of the lungs. Recurrent asthma symptoms frequently cause sleeplessness, daytime fatigue, reduced activity levels and school and work absenteeism. Asthma has a relatively low fatality rate compared to other chronic diseases.
哮喘是一种主要的非传染性疾病，以呼吸困难和喘息反复发作为特征，其严重程度和发作频率因人而异。患者一天或一周内可多次出现症状，一些人在运动时或在夜间症状可加重。在哮喘发作期间，支气管管道内壁膨胀，导致气道狭窄，减少了肺部通气量。周期性哮喘症状往往导致失眠、日间疲劳、减少活动量，不能上学和工作。相对于其它慢性病而言，哮喘的死亡率较低。
WHO strategy for prevention and control of asthma
世卫组织哮喘防控战略
WHO recognizes that asthma is of major public health importance. The Organization plays a role in coordinating international efforts against the disease. The aim of its strategy is to support Member States in their efforts to reduce the disability and premature death related to asthma.
世卫组织意识到哮喘具有很高的公共卫生重要性。本组织在协调国家防治哮喘的努力中有其作用。其战略的目的是支持会员国努力减少与哮喘有关的残疾和早亡。
WHO's programme objectives are:
世卫组织的规划目标是：
surveillance to map the magnitude of asthma, analyse its determinants and monitor trends, with emphasis on poor and disadvantaged populations;
开展监测，以摸清哮喘规模，分析其决定因素，监测其趋势，重点是贫穷和弱势人口;
primary prevention to reduce the level of exposure to common risk factors, particularly tobacco smoke, frequent lower respiratory infections during childhood, and air pollution (indoor, outdoor, and occupational exposure);
开展初级预防，降低接触普通风险因素的程度，尤其是烟草烟雾、儿童时期频繁的下呼吸道感染、空气污染(室内、室外和职业性接触);
and improving access to cost-effective interventions including medicines, upgrading standards and accessibility of care at different levels of the health care system.
改善包括药物在内的具有成本效益的干预措施的获取，升级标准并改善卫生保健系统不同层级保健的可及性。
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