托福语法精心汇编1

　　非谓语动词

　　一、现分与过分的区别

　　现分　　　　　　过分　　　　　　考与不考备注

　　___________________________________________________

　　主动　　　　　　被动　　　　　　90%(后置定语，状)

　　进行　　　　　　完成　　　　　　10%(前置定语)

　　动作　　　　　　状态　　　　　　不考

　　a retired general

　　a retiring general 错

　　a fallen fruit 在地下

　　a falling fruit　　　　正在掉

　　二、现在分词与过去分词的用法

　　1. 用于名词后作后置定语，等同于定语从句，只考虑主被动

　　Indians who lived in

　　~~~~~~~~~~~~=living

　　》执 =从句

　　2. 用于句首，句末作状语，只考虑主被动

　　非?即彼　┏included in/by

　　┗including 分，prep

　　┏involved in

　　┗involving

　　3. 常考的接doing的词

　　enjoy , finish, celebrate, suggest, advocate, forgive, mind, avoid, escape, tolerate, delay, quit spend ... (in) doing be capable of doing sth. play a role in doing sth. have difficulty/trouble/a problem/a hard time (in)　doing

　　三、动词不定式的省略用法

　　1. ┏help to do = help do 可省可不省

　　┗help sb to do = help sb do

　　2. 使役动词必省to

　　let sb do ; make sb do; have sb do ; bid sb do(吩咐)

　　have sth done

　　3. 感观动词必须省to

　　see, hear, notice, feel, watch，taste，know

　　┏see sb do 看见整个过程

　　┗see sb doing　　看见动作正在进行

　　改被动后to 要加回来

　　┏be seen to do

　　┗be seen doing

　　四、动词不定式的固定用法

　　1. 第一“人”

　　the first (sb) to do

　　the first woman to fly solo across the Atlantic ocean

　　2. 表“迫使/允许”的动词

　　allow sb to do allow sth

　　permit sb to do permit sth

　　enable sb to do enable sth

　　cause sb to do cause sth

　　force sb to do force sth

　　3. 表“倾向”的adj./V

　　tend to do

　　attemp to do

　　be (more) likely to do

　　that + 句子

　　be inclined to do

　　be apt to do

　　be liable to do

　　4. 表“目的”的名词，不定式作表语

　　The function + of sth. + is to do sth.

　　function, goal, purpose, aim, objective, reason, intention

　　5.与接不定式的V或adj. 同词根的名词也接不定式

　　be able to do -> ability to do

　　enable sb to do

　　decide to do -> decision to do

　　be ambitious to do -> ambition to do

　　try to do -> make great efforts to do

　　attempt(v.) to do -> attempt(n.) to do

　　五、动词不定式的其它形式

　　1. 动词不定式的将来式

　　主动：be to do

　　被动：be to be done

　　表示预计要发生或按计划要发生的事情

　　China is to be one of the most important countries in the world.

　　被动式与过去分词的区别

　　the surfaces to be glued

　　the surfaces glued

　　2. 动词不定式的完成式

　　主动　　to have done

　　被动　　to have been done

　　表示不定式的动作发生在谓语之前

　　I'm glad to have seen your son yesterday.

　　3. 某些adj. 后主动表被动 easy/hard/difficult/simple

　　This plan is difficult to come out.

　　Basic is relatively simple to learn.