从句
表语,宾语,定语从句
1. That引导宾语从句时That可省,引导主语从句,表语从句不可省
2. Wh-型代词和副词引导疑问句时要倒装,从句都不能倒装
3. 引导宾语从句的whether和if通常可以互换,但与or,not连用时只能用whether
4. As if也经常用于引导表语从句
5. 某些形容词后,跟that引导的表语从句,that常被省略,这些词有:afraid, alarmed, amazed, amused, angry, annoyed, astonished, aware, clear, confident, depressed, disappointed, distressed, glad, grateful, happy, hopeful, horrified, irritated, pleased, proud, sad, shocked, sorry, sure, thankful, upset等等
6. 关系代词在定语从句中必定担当一个句子成分,所以注意主语,宾语的重复,同时做主语的时候不可省略
7. 关系代词本身没有单复数区别,从句中的谓语动词取决于先行词
8. 在定语从句中做介词宾语的关系代词只能用which和whom
9. 关系代词whose在定语从句中做定语,修饰名词,该名词可以是人,也可以是物,且后者居多,表示of which
10. 定语从句中的语态取决于先行词(当关系代词做主语时)
11. Such….as中as引导定语从句,不可替换成别的任何词
12. The same ….as/that中,as表示同类,that表示not changed, not another(即该事物本身),如:you’ve made the same mistakes as I did(another) ; you’ve made the same mistakes as you made last time (itself)
13. What不能引导定语从句
14. 先行词为all, nothing, everything, something, anything, much, little 等(复合)不定代词时,或先行词有序数次,最高级修饰,或被the only, the very, the same, the last修饰时,只能用that引导定语从句而不能用which
15. 介词+关系代词引导定语从句时,人用whom, 物用that
16. 非限定性定语从句只能由which, who, whom引导
17. 先行词有多个(人和物并存),用that引导定语从句
18. 定语从句与强调句型需要注意区分,强调句型为it is/was + 强调成分 + that/who,在强调句型中,去掉 is/was that/who两部分仍然可成为一个完整句
状语从句
连接词:
时间:when, whenever, as, while, before, after, until, till, once, the moment, as soon as, by the time, since
地点:where, wherever
原因:because, as, since, now that
目的:so that, in order that, for fear that, in case that, lest
结果:so that, so….that, such….that
条件:if, as long as, unless, provided
让步:though, although, no matter, however, even if
方式:as if, as though, as
比较:than, as
注意:状语在句子中不作为一个语法成分,因此状语也不仅仅限于从句,也可以由介词短语作为状语,并且介词短语有时在中文意思上和连接词完全一样,而介词只能接名词,连接词可以引导从句,需要注意区分
常见介词与连词的混淆
1.Despite, in spite of -介 although, though-连
2.During-介
3.Because of, on account of, thanks to-介
4.Too…..to….为不定式结构,so….that….为状语从句结构,不可混淆
5.Since是介词和连接词,做连接词时,可以引导原因状语从句和时间状语从句,做介词时只能后面跟时刻
6.Even为强调副词,不能引导状语从句,必须用even though, even if
有几种状语从句中可以省略主语和部分谓语,有:
When, while引导的时间状语从句
If, unless引导的条件状语从句
Though, even though, although, no matter how引导的让步状语从句
As if引导的方式状语从句
但是省略必须满足以下两点要求:
1. 从句主语和主句主语一致
2. 从句谓语必须包括动词be
此时可以省略是主语和谓语部分中的动词be,其他连接词引导的不可省略
同位语从句
要点:
1. 可接同位语从句的名词(泛属于抽象概念,概括性,蕴涵性的需要一定解释的名词即可)
信息:information, news, word, message, story, proof, announcement等
思想:thought, idea, belief, truth等
心理活动:hope, doubt, fear等
问题回答:question, problem, answer, reply等
建议劝告:suggestion, proposal, advice等
许诺保证:promise, permission等
2. 同位于从句的引导词:that, whether, who, what, when, where, why, how
同位语从句与定语从句判断标准:看前面的名词能不能与句子划等号
That只要不是在从句中作主语都可省略,但that作从句中介词后的宾语则必须当that紧跟先行词时才可省略。