Science and Truth

共享题干题                                           （一） Science and Truth
      根据材料，回答下列的问题。
     "FINAGLE" (欺骗) is not a word that most people associate with science. One reason isthat the image of the scientist is of one who always ________ (51 ) data in an impartial ( 不篇不依的) search for truth. In any debate________(52)intelligence, schooling, energy--thephrase "science says" usually disarms opposition.
      But scientists have long acknowledged the existence of a "finagle factor"--a tendency bymany scientists to give a helpful change to the data to ________ (53) desired results. The latest of the finagle factor in action comes from Stephen Jay Gould, a Harvard biologist, who has________ (54) the important 19th century work of Dr. Samuel George Morton. Morton was famous in his time for analysing the brain ________(55) of the Skulls as a measure of intelfigence. He concluded that whites had the largest brains，that the brains of Indians and blacks wel．e Smaller，and________(56)，that whites constitute a superior race．
  Gould went back to Morton’s original data and concluded that the一________ (57)were an ex．ample of the finagle at work．He found that Morton’s“discovery”was made BV leaving out embar．rassing data，________ (58)．incorrect procedures，and changing his criteria--again，alwavs in fayour of his argument．Morton has been thoroughly discredited by now and scientists do not belleve that brain size reflects________ (59)．
   But Gould Went on to say Morton’S story is only an example of a common Droblem in________(60)work．Some of the leading figures in science are________(61)to have used the finagle factor．Gould says that IsaaC．Newton fudged out(捏造)to support at least three centra]statements that he could not prove．And so， ________(62)Laudius Ptolemy。the Greek astronomer，whose master work，Almagest，summed up the case for a solar system that had the earth asits centre．Recent________(63)indicate that Ptolemy either faked some key data or resoned heavily to the finagle factor．
     All this is important because the finagle factor is still at work．For example，in the artificial sweetener controversy，it is________ (64)that all the studies sponsored by the sugar indUStn，find that the artificial sweetener is unsafe，________ (65)all the studies sponsored by the diet food industry find nothing wrong with it．