Climate Change: The

共享题干题【2015年真题】                             （一） Climate Change: The Long Reach
 根据以下材料回答问题：
（1）.Earth is wanning. Sea levels are rising. There's more carbon in the air and Arctic ice is melting faster than at any time in recorded history. Scientists who study the environment to better gauge (评估 ) Earth's future climate now argue that these changes may not reverse for a very long time.
（2）.People burn fossil fuels like coal and oil for energy. That burning releases carbon dioxide, a colorless gas. In the air, this gas traps heat at Earth's surface. And the more carbon dioxide released, the more the planet warms. If current consumption of fossil fuels doesn't slow, the long-term climate impacts could last thousands of years-and be more severe than scientists had been expecting. Climatologist Richard Zeebe of the University of Hawaii at Manoa offers this conclusion in a newspaper.
（3）Most climate-change studies look at what's going to happen in the next century or so. During that time, changes in the planet's environment could nudge ( 推动 ) global warming even higher. For example : Snow and ice reflect sunlight back into space. But as these melt, sunlight can now reach-and warm-the exposed ground. This extra heat raises the air temperature even more, causing even more snow to melt. This type of rapid exaggeration of impacts is called a fast feedback.
（4 ）Zeebe says it's important to look at fast feedbacks. However he adds, they're limited. From a climate change perspective, "This century is the most important time for the next few generations," he told Science News. "But the world is not ending in 2100." For his new study, Zeebe now focuses on "slow feedbacks." While fast feedback events unfold over decades or centuries, slow feedbacks can take thousands of years. Melting of continental ice sheets and migration of plant life-as they relocate to more comfortable areas-are two examples of slow feedbacks.
（5 ）Zeebe gathered information from previously published studies investigating how such processes played out over thousands of years during past dramatic changes in climate. Then he came up with a forecast for the future that accounts for both slow and fast feedback processes. Climate forecasts that use only fast feedbacks predict a 4.5 degree Celsius ( 8.1 degree Fahrenheit ) change by the year 3000.But slow feedbacks added another1.5℃ -for a 6° total increase, Zeebe reports. He also found that slow feedbacks events will cause global warming to persist for thousands of years after people run out of fossil fuels to burn.