2014年5月托福考试模拟试题及答案(第五套)_第13页

Questions 31-40

　　Ethology is concerned with the study of adaptive, or survival, value of behavior and its

　　Evolutionary history. Ethological theory began to be applied to research on children in the

　　1960’s but has become even more influential today. The origins of ethology can be traced

　　Line to the work of Darwin. Its modern foundations were laid by two European zoologists,

　　5) Konrad Lorenz and Niko Tinbergen.

　　Watching the behaviors diverse animal species in their natural habitats, Lorenz, and

　　Tinbergen observed behavior patterns that promote survival. The most well-known of these

　　is imprinting, the carly following behavior of certain baby birds that ensures that the young

　　will stay close to their mother and be fed and protected from danger. Imprinting takes place

　　10) during an early, restricted time period of development. If the mother goose is not present

　　during this time, but an object resembling her in important features is, young goslings may

　　imprint on it instead.

　　Observations of imprinting led to major concept that has been applied in child

　　Development” the critical period. It refers to a limited times span during which the child is

　　15) biologically prepared to acquire certain adaptive behaviors but needs the support of suitably

　　stimulating environment. Many researchers have conducted studies to find out whether

　　complex congnitive and social behaviors must be learned during restricted time periods.

　　for example, if children are deprived of adequate food or physical and social stimulation

　　during the early years of life, will their intelligence be permanently impaired? If language

　　20) is not mastered during the preschool years, is the child’s capacity to acquire it reduced?

　　Inspired by observations of imprinting, in 1969 the British psychoanalyst John Bowlby

　　applied ethological theory to the understanding of the relationship between an infant and

　　its parents. He argued that attachment behaviors of babies, such as smiling, babbling,

　　grasping, and crying, are built-in social signals that encourage the parents to approach,

　　25) care for, and interact with the baby. By keeping a parent near, these behaviors help ensure

　　that the baby will be fed, protected from danger, and provided with the stimulation and

　　affection necessary for healthy growth. The development of attachment in human infants

　　is a lengthy process involving changes in psychological structures that lead to a deep

　　affectional tie between parent and baby.

　　31.What was Darwin’s contribution to ethology?

　　(A) Darwin improved on the original principles

　　of ethology.

　　(B) Darwin was the professor who taught

　　Lorenz and Tinbergen.

　　(C) Darwin’s work provided the basis for

　　ethology.

　　(D) Darwin was the first person to apply

　　ethological theory to children.

　　32.The word “diverse” in line 6 is closest in

　　meaning to

　　(A) small

　　(B) varied

　　(C) wild

　　(D) particular

　　33.The word “ensures” in line 8 is closest in

　　meaning to

　　(A) guarantees

　　(B) proves

　　(C) teaches

　　(D) assumes

　　34. According to the passage, if a mother goose is

　　not present during the time period when

　　imprinting takes place, which of the following

　　will most likely occur?

　　(A) The gosling will not imprint on any object.

　　(B) The gosling may not find a mate when it

　　matures.

　　(C) The mother will later imprint on the gosling.

　　(D) The gosling may imprint on another object.

　　35.The word “it” in line 12 refers to

　　(A) development

　　(B) goose

　　(C) time

　　(D) object

　　36.The word “suitably” in line 15 is closest in

　　meaning to

　　(A) willingly

　　(B) moderately

　　(C) appropriately

　　(D) emotionally

　　37.The author mentions all of the following as　attachment behaviors of human infants　EXCEPT

　　(A) grasping

　　(B) crying

　　(C) eating

　　(D) smiling

　　38.According to the passage, attachment behaviors　of infants are intended to

　　(A) get the physical, emotional and social needs　of the infant met

　　(B) allow the infant to become imprinted on　objects that resemble the parent

　　(C) provide the infant with a means of　self-stimulation

　　(D) prepare the infant to cope with separation

　　39.The phrase “affectional tie” in line 29 is closest　in meaning to

　　(A) cognitive development

　　(B) emotional attachment

　　(C) psychological need

　　(D) behavioral change

　　40. It can be inferred from the passage that　ethological theory assumes that

　　(A) to learn about human behavior only human　subjects should be studied

　　(B) failure to imprint has no influence on　inteligence

　　(C) the notion of critical periods applies only to　animals

　　(D) there are similarities between animal and　human behavior