2014年4月托福考试模拟试卷及答案(第一套)_第8页

　　Through various methods of research, anthropologists try to fit together the pieces of the human puzzle—to discover how humanity was first achieved, what made it branch out in different directions, and why separate societies behave similarly in some ways but quite differently in other ways. Anthropology, which emerged as an independent science in the late eighteenth century, has two main divisions: physical anthropology and cultural anthropology. Physical anthropology focuses on human evolution and variation and uses methods of physiology, genetics, and ecology. Cultural anthropology focuses on culture and includes archaeology, social anthropology, and 1inguistics.

　　Physical anthropologists are most concerned with human biology. Physical anthropologists are detectives whose mission is to solve the mystery of how humans came to be human. They ask questions about the events that led a tree-dwelling population of animals to evolve into two-legged beings with the power to lean—a power that we call intelligence. Physical anthropologists study the fossils and organic remains of once-living primates. They also study the connections between humans and other primates that are still living. Monkeys, apes, and humans have more in common with one another physically than they do with other kinds of animals. In the lab, anthropologists use the methods of physiology and genetics to investigate the composition of blood chemistry for clues to the relationship of humans to various primates. Some study the animals in the wild to find out what behaviors they share with humans. Others speculate about how the behavior of non-human primates might have shaped human bodily needs and habits.

　　A well—known family of physical anthropologists, the Leakeys, conducted research in East Africa indicating that human evolution centered there rather than Asia. In 1931, Louis Leakey and his wife Mary Leakey began excavating at Olduvai Gorge in Tanzania, where over the next forty years they discovered stone tool and hominid evidence that

　　Child rearing in societies around the world

　　Clues about human beings who lived long ago

　　34. According to paragraph 4, cultural anthropologists who do fieldwork usually

　　discover hominid evidence indicating when humans evolved

　　write an account of the daily life of the people they study

　　work at universities and museums interpreting the work of others

　　develop new technologies for gathering cultural data

　　35. The phrase sift through in paragraph 4 is closest in meaning to

　　avoid

　　sort

　　discuss

　　contradict

　　36. The word They in paragraph 4 refers to

　　research universities

　　ethnologists

　　field anthropologists

　　museums

　　37. According to the passage, Margaret Mead wrote about all of the following subjects EXCEPT

　　the nature of cultural change

　　relations between people of different races

　　the biological basis of gender

　　economic systems of pioneer women

　　38. It call be inferred from paragraph 5 that Margaret Mead’s work

　　made an impact on the field of anthropology

　　contradicted that of the Leakey family

　　opened Samoa to outside influences

　　is not widely read by anthropologists today