Part B：In the following article some paragraphs have been removed. For Questions 66 ~ 70, choose the most suitable paragraph from the list A ~ F to fit into each of the numbered gaps. There is one paragraph which does not fit in any of the gaps. Mark your answers on ANSWER SHEET 1.
The press is constantly reminding us that the dramatic increase in the age of our population over the next 30 or so years will cause national healthcare systems to collapse, economies to crumple under the strain of pension demands and disintegrating families to buckle under increasing care commitments. Yet research at Oxford is beginning to expose some of the widespread myths that underlie this rhetoric. Demographic ageing is undoubtedly a reality.
Life expectancy in developed countries has risen continuously over the past century, increasing the percentage of those over the age of 60 relative to those under the age of 15. By 2030 half the population of Western Europe will be over the age of 50, with a predicted average life expectancy of a further 40 years. By then, a quarter of the population will be over 65 and by 2050 the UK' s current number of 10, 000 centenarians are predicted to have reached a quarter of a million. Some demographers have even suggested that half of all baby gifts born in the West today will live to see the next century.
66.__________________
Indeed, if this could be achieved throughout the world, it would surely count as the success of civilization, for then we would also have conquered the killers of poverty, disease, famine and war.
Decreasing mortality rates, increasing longevity and declining fertility mean smaller percentages of young people within populations. Over the past 20 years life expectancy at birth in the UK has risen by four years for men ( to 75 ) and three years for women ( to 80). Meanwhile fertility rates across Europe have declined more or less continuously over the past 40 years and remain well below the levels required for European populations to be able to replace them-selves without substantive immigration. But again, rather than seeing this as a doom and gloom scenario, we need to explore the positive aspects of these demographics. The next 50 years should provide us with an opportunity to enjoy the many advantages of a society with a mature population structure.
67.__________________
The first of these is the current political rhetoric which claims that health services across the Western world are collapsing under the strain of demographic ageing.
The second myth is the view that the ratio of workers to non-workers will become so acute that Western economies will collapse, compounded by a massive growth in pension debt. While there are undoubted concerns over current pension shortfalls, it is also clear that working lives will themselves change over the next few decades, with a predicted increase in flexible and part-time work and the probable extension of working life until the age of 70. In- deed, we have to recognize that we cannot expect to retire at the age of 50 and then be able to support ourselves for another 40 or so years. Neither a solid pension scheme nor savings can carry people that long.
A further myth is that we will all live in loose, multigenerational families, experiencing increased emotional distancing from our kin. Evidence from a variety of studies across the developed world suggests that, if anything, the modern family is actually becoming more close-knit. Work carried out by the Oxford Institute in Scandinavia and in a Pan-European Family Care Study, for example, shows that despite the influence of the welfare state, over the past 10 years, people have come to value family relationships more than previously.
70.__________________
In the developed world, therefore, we can see actual benefits from population ageing: a better balance between age groups, mature and less volatile societies, with an emphasis on age integration. The issues will be very different in other parts of the world.
Herein lies another myth: that the less developed world will escape from demographic ageing. Instead, the massive increase in the age of populations facing these countries-predicted to be up to one billion older people within 30 years--is potentially devastating. The problem is not only that demographic-ageing is occurring at a far greater pace than we have seen in Western nations, but also that few if any developing countries have the economic development and infrastructure necessary to provide widespread public pensions and healthcare to these growing elderly populations.
As a result, older people are among the poorest in every developing country. They have the lowest levels of in-come, education and literacy, they lack savings and assets, have only limited access to work, and even in times of crisis are usually the last to be cared for under emergency aid programmes. Perhaps of most concern is healthcare, for as we conquer acute diseases, we are going to see a rapid increase in levels of chronic illness and disability, but no long-term care programmes or facilities to tackle this.
51. The newspaper deliveryman put a blank card inside the envelope because ______
A.he forgot to write a few words on it
B.he wanted the couple to send it back
C.he used it to ask for a Christmas tip
D.he was afraid of asking for a tip in person
52. From the passage, we learn that the author ______
A.didn' t like Raoul' s way of delivering the paper
B.didn' t realize why Raoul delivered the paper that way
C.didn' t know that Raoul came very early in the morning
D.didn' t feel it necessary to meet Raoul when he came
53. According to the passage, the author felt ______ to give Raoul a holiday tip.
A.excited
B.delighted
C.embarrassed
D.forced
54. Which of the following is CORRECT about Mickey, the garbage collector?
A.He. wrote a letter to the couple afterwards.
B.He failed to collect the money from the bank.
C.He wanted the couple to send him a Christmas card.
D.He collected both the cheek and the garbage that day.
55. Ed' s encounter with the recycling team shows that ______
A.Ed was desperate to correct his mistake.
B.Ed only wanted to give money to Raoul.
C.Ed was unwilling to tip the truck driver.
D.Ed no longer wanted to give them money.
56. The case of Ashanthi Desilva is mentioned in the text to
A.show the promise of gene-therapy
B.give an example of modern treatment for fatal diseases
C.introduce the achievement of Anderson and his team
D.explain how gene-based treatment works
57. Anderson' s early success has ______
A.greatly speeded the development of medicine
B.brought no immediate progress in the research of gene-therapy
C.promised a cure to every disease
D.made him a national hero
58. Which of the following is true according to the text?
A.Ashanthi needs to receive gene-therapy treatment constantly.
B.Despite the huge funding, gene researches have shown few promises.
C.Therapeutic genes are carded by harmless viruses.
D.Gene-doping is encouraged by world agencies to help athletes get better scores.
59. The word "tarnish" (line 4, paragraph 4) most probably means ______
A.affect
B.warn
C.trouble
D.stain
60. From the text we can see that the author seems
A.optimistic
B.pessimistic
C.troubled
D.uncertain
A. Since it is likely that a longer active working life will coincide with a predicted labor shortage resulting from a lack of younger workers, we need to provide the opportunities and training to encourage older men and women to remain economically productive. Our studies show that there are benefits from having an age-integrated workforce. It is another myth that older workers are less productive than younger ones. In fact, the combined energy of younger workers with the experience of older ones can lead to increased productivity--something from which young and old alike will benefit.
B. In 2001, in recognition of the significance of these demographic changes and the global challenges and opportunities that will accompany them, the Oxford Institute of Ageing was established at the University. It is made up of researchers in demography, sociology, economics, social anthropology, philosophy and psychology, with links to other specialists in medicine, biology, law and policy in research units across the University. This cross-disciplinary approach has made it possible to challenge some of the most pervasive myths about ageing societies.
C. As Institute healthcare ethicist Kenneth Howse points out, family obligations towards older relatives may change over the next 20 years, but current indications are that families are retaining a strong responsibility to care. Furthermore, as societies age, the contributory role of older people as grandparents becomes more important. Work by Institute researchers on another European Union study on multi-generational families has highlighted the role that grandparents play by fleeing up the responsibilities of the younger reproductive population.
D. It is clear that the changing demographic landscape poses challenges for the future. The necessity now is to develop appropriate economic, social and political structures to take advantage of the opportunities that mature societies will bring, while ensuring that there are appropriate safety nets for those left vulnerable within these populations--which will include both young and old alike.
E. Rather than fearing such a future, however, we should see this trend as a great success. It must undoubtedly be a major achievement of civilization that most individuals within a society can expect to enjoy a long and healthy lifespan.
F. George Leeson, a demographer at the Institute, points out that while a number of cross-national studies have considered the determinants of spiraling healthcare costs, only one has found the explanatory factor to be the proportion of the population aged 65 and over. Rather, it is growth in income, lifestyle characteristics and environmental factors such as technology and drugs that are driving up healthcare costs. In addition, the costs are shifting between population groups. The key here, he adds, is to develop sufficiently flexible health service structures to shift not only economic resources but also personnel.
