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托福(toefl)语法技巧:过去完成时形式和用法_第2页

中华考试网   2010-04-05   【

  (c)He had served in the army for ten years;then he retired and married.
  His children were now at school.
  他在军队里服役十年,后来退伍并结了婚。他的孩子现在已上学了。
  这里既不能用since也不能用过去完成进行时。还要注意到,这里的过去完成时没有与之相当的现在完成时。如果把句中最后一个动词变成现在时,其他动词时态都要变成一般过去时。
  He served in the army for ten years;then retired and married.
  His chil-dren are now at school.
  他在军队里服役十年,然后退伍并结了婚。他的孩子现在都在上学。这些结构以图解形式分别表示如下,直线AB表示过去完成时的动作,TS表示过去说话的某一时刻:
  {ewc MVIMAGE,MVIMAGE, !461350T1.bmp}
  (另参见第196节关于间接引语中过去完成时的用法。)
  3 过去完成时也是一般过去时的过去时,用来表示叙述者或主语在过去的某一时刻回顾更早的动作:
  Tom was 23 when our story begins.His father had died five years beforeand since then Tom had lived alone.His father had advised him not to getmarried till he was 35,and Tom intended to follow this advice.
  我们的故事开始时汤姆23岁。他父亲五年以前就已去世,打那以后汤姆一直独自生活。他父亲劝告过他不到35岁不要结婚,汤姆打算遵从这个忠言。
  I had just poured myself a glass of beer when the phone rang.When Icame back form answering it the glass was empty.Somebody had drunkthe beer or thrown it away.
  我刚刚给自己倒了一杯啤酒,电话铃就响了。我接电话回来时,啤酒杯空了。一定有人喝掉了啤酒或者把它泼掉了。
  He met her in Paris in 1977.He had last seen her ten years before.Herhair had been grey then;now it was white.
  1977年他在巴黎遇见了她。他上一次见到她是十年之前。那时她的头发是灰白的,这时已经全白了。
  He met her in 1967 and again ten years later.Her hair,which had beengrey at their first meeting,was now white
  他1967年见到过她,十年以后又见到了她。她的头发在他们第一次见面时还是灰白的,这时已经全白了。
  但是如果只是依次叙述先后发生的事件,就不需要用过去完成时:
  Tom’s father died when Tom was eighteen.Before he died he advisedTom not to marry till he was 35,and Tom at 23 still intended to followthis advice.
  汤姆的父亲在汤姆18岁那一年去世了。在他去世之前,他劝告汤姆要到35岁再结婚。汤姆到了23岁仍然打算遵从父亲的忠言。
  He met her first in 1967 when her hair was grey.He met her again in1977./He didn’t meet her again till 1977.Her hair was now white.
  1967年他第一次遇见她,那时她的头发是灰白色。1977年他再次遇见她。/直到1977年才再次遇见她。这时她的头发全白了。
  上述两个例句中,都没有从过去某时刻去回顾过去,因此就没有理由用过去完成时。
  注意以下例句含义上的区别:
  She heard voices and realized that there were three people in the nextroom.
  她听到了说话的声音,知道隔壁房间里有三个人。
  She saw empty glasses and cups and realized that three people had been inthe room.
  她看到了空玻璃杯子和茶杯,知道房间里曾来过三个人。(他们已经不在那里了。)
  He arrived at 2∶30 and was told to wait in the VIP lounge.
  他在两点半到达并被告知在贵宾休息室等候。
  He arrived at 2∶30.He had been told to wait in the VIP lounge.
  他在两点半到达。来之前已被告知在贵宾休息室等候。
  在倒数第二句中,他在抵达后才接到指示;在最后一句中,他
  是在抵达之前就接到指示的,可能在出发之前就已接到。

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