托福语法辅导：难长句精解与语法精要（第五章）

　　第五章并列平行结构

　　英语中的并列平行结构并不仅仅局限于句子之间，它还包括其他形式，如：并列主语、

　　并列谓语、并列宾语、并列宾语补足语、并列定语、并列标语、并列状语等，有人称其为“多

　　枝共干”结构。对于这种结构要多从语法和语义上理解，英译汉时采用重复译法以避免歧义，

　　在上下文关系清晰时也可采用直译。

　　1. I suppose that if a man has a confused mind he will write in a confused way, if his temper is

　　capricious his prose will be fantastical, and if he has a quick, darting intelligence that is reminded

　　by the matter in hand of a hundred things, he will, unless he has great self-control, load his pages

　　with metaphor and simile.

　　第一层：I suppose that if a man has a confused mind he will write in a confused way, if his

　　主谓宾语从句

　　temper is capricious his prose will be fantastical, and if he has a quick, darting intelligence that is

　　reminded by the matter in hand of a hundred things, he will, unless he has great self-control, load

　　his pages with metaphor and simile.

　　第二层：宾语从句：that if a man has a confused mind he will write in a confused way, if his

　　引状语从句1 主谓状

　　temper is capricious his prose will be fantastical, and if he has a quick, darting intelligence that is

　　状语从句2 主系表连状语从句3

　　reminded by the matter in hand of a hundred things, he will, unless he has great self-control, load

　　主谓状语从句4 谓

　　his pages with metaphor and simile.

　　宾状

　　第三层：状语从句1： if a man has a confused mind

　　引主谓定宾

　　状语从句2： if his temper is capricious

　　引主系表

　　状语从句3： if he has a quick, darting intelligence that is reminded by the

　　引主谓定宾定语从句

　　matter in hand of a hundred things,

　　状语从句4： unless he has great self-control

　　引主谓定宾

　　第四层：定语从句：that is reminded by the matter in hand of a hundred things

　　引系表状状

　　要点：本句中，suppose 的宾语从句由3 个分句并列构成，每个分句由一个主句和以if

　　引导的条件状语从句构成，在第三个分句中，that 引导的定于从句修饰“ intelligence”;Unless

　　引导的条件状语从句插在主句之后，将will 与load 分隔。reminded 与介词of 搭配，表示

　　“记忆·····”，by 所引出的介词短语表示被动的主体，插入到reminded 和of 介词短语之

　　间;介词短语in hand 做后置定语修饰the matter。Capricious：变化无常的，突发奇想的。

　　Darting：快速的，敏捷的。Simile：明喻。

　　译文：我以为，如果一个人思路不清，他写文章也会一塌糊涂;如果他喜怒无常，他的

　　文章就会荒诞不经;如果他的思想敏捷，由眼前的事情联想到一百件事情，那么，除非他有

　　极强的自制力，否则他的文章里将充满各种各样的比喻。

　　2. He believes, although perhaps he does not know he believes it, that the more extensive

　　verifications are, that the more frequently experiments have been made and results of the same

　　kind arrived at, that the more varied the conditions under which the same results have been

　　attained, the more certain is the ultimate conclusion, and he disputes the question no further.

　　第一层：He believes, although perhaps he does not know he believes it, that the more extensive

　　状语从句宾语从句1

　　verifications are, that the more frequently experiments have been made and results of the same

　　宾语从句2

　　kind arrived at, that the more varied the conditions under which the same results have been

　　宾语从句3

　　attained, the more certain is the ultimate conclusion, and he disputes the question no further .

　　(and he disputes the question no further 是并列的一个分句)

　　第二层：状语从句although perhaps he does not know he believes it

　　引状主谓宾语从句

　　宾语从句1 that the more extensive verifications are

　　引表主系

　　宾语从句2 that the more frequently experiments have been made and results of the

　　引补主系表连主定

　　same kind arrived at,

　　谓语

　　宾语从句3 that the more varied the conditions under which the same results have

　　引补主定语从句

　　been attained, the more certain is the ultimate conclusion, and he disputes the question no further

　　表系定主连主谓宾状

　　第三层：宾语从句：he believes it

　　主谓宾

　　定语从句：under which the same results have been attained,

　　连定主系表

　　要点：这是复合句。句中although 引导的让步状语从句充当分隔结构，将he believes 和

　　that 宾语从句隔开。在几个并列的宾语从句中有比较结构the more···the more···，意为

　　“越····，越····”。第二个宾语从句中arrived at 前面省略了have been(result 前省略了the

　　more frequently,承前省略)。另有under which 引起的定于从句，修饰the conditions 。翻译时

　　采用顺序法。Verification：鉴定，证明，证据。

　　译文：尽管他大概还没有意识带他会相信，但他已经相信验证的范围越广泛，实验做

　　的越多，并且得出的结论越相近，而且得出同一结果的条件越多样化，则最终的结论就越肯

　　定，而他便不再对这个问题提出质疑了。

　　3. It is evident that many branches of applied science are practical extensions of purely theoretical

　　work, thus the study of radioactivity began as a piece of pure research, but its results are now

　　applied in a great number of different ways ---in cancer treatment in medicine, the development of

　　fertilizers in agriculture, and the study of metal fatigue in engineering.

　　要点：这是一个并列复合句。It is evident···，thus···， but··· 是三个并列句。在

　　第一个分句中it 是形式主语，that many branches··· 是it 所指的主语从句。its results are now

　　applied 后面跟了三个短语作并列的状语，表明应用在三个方面。

　　译文：显然，许多应用科学实际上都是纯理论和实践工作发展而来的，例如，对放射性

　　的研究开始时是作为一项纯理论来研究的。但是其成果现在则应用于很多不同方面：在医学

　　中治疗癌症，在农业中研制化肥，以及在工程学中研究金属疲劳。

　　4. History is made up of facts, but also of opinions; it is not only what actually happened, but also

　　what people who know what happened think about past events.

　　要点：it 代替History。what actually happened 和what people···think about past events

　　是由not only···but also···连接的两个表语从句。who know what happened 是定语从句，

　　修饰先行词people。what happened 是名词子句，作know 的宾语。

　　译文：历史是有事实组成的，也是由客观点组成的。它不仅仅是实际上已发生的事件，

　　同时也是已发生事件的知情人对该事件的看法。

　　5. Humans have distinguished themselves from other animals, and in doing so ensured their

　　survival, by the ability to observe and understand their environment and then either to adapt to that

　　environment or to control and adapt it to their own needs.

　　要点： by 介词短语作状语， 修饰谓语have distinguished 。to observe and

　　understand···

　　and then either to adapt···or to control and adapt 是并列的动词不定式短语，作定语，修饰

　　ability 。in doing so 是介词短语作状语，修饰ensured，表达方式;in doing so 是介词短语

　　作状语，修饰ensured ，表达方式;so 是副词，等于in this way。

　　译文：人类能够观查和认识周围的环境，尔后，或是去适应环境，或是控制环境，使之

　　适应自己的需要。这种能力使人类与其他动物区别开来，从而使人类得以生存。

　　6. For it is exciting to realize that the East and West are not as far apart on spirit or in fact as most

　　of us have been led, by appearances, to believe, and that the East and the West are already

　　combined in a synthesis so powerful and so profound that it is all pervading.

　　要点：这是复合句。句中it 用作形式主语，代替不定式短语to realize···。两个并列的

　　宾语从句that the East and West are not as far apart···和that the East and the West are already

　　combined···作动词realize 的宾语。as far apart ···as···是形容词的同级比较形式。在so

　　powerful···that it is all pervading 中， that 从句作状语，表示程度。翻译时可将无主句加

　　上主语“我们”，并根据上下文的含义采用添词法，使句子通顺、易懂。Pervading：普遍的，

　　流行的。

　　译文：因为我们兴奋的看到，并不像我们大多数人受表面现象迷惑而误认的那样，东

　　西方在精神上或事实上并非相距甚远，相反，东西方早已结合成了一个无所不包的博大精深

　　的整体。

　　7. If the very originators of the inventions and discoveries no longer claim then, and if even their

　　memory of them has faded, why should their inheritors trouble to resurrect their lost claims?

　　要点：这是复合句。两个并列的由if 引导的从句充当条件状语从句，主句是特殊疑问

　　句。翻译时采用顺序法。Resurrect：使复活，重新唤起对···的记忆。

　　译文：如果这些发明和发现的原创者自己都不主张自己的首创权利，甚至连自己对这些

　　发明和发现的记忆淡漠了，他们的继承者为什么还要煞费苦心地收回他们失去的首创权呢?

　　8. Law concerning discrimination, capital punishment, sexual behavior, and the conditions under

　　which individuals may be held legally responsible for their actions are influenced by

　　psychological theories and research.

　　要点：这是主从复合句。其主干结构是Law and the conditions are influenced by ···。句

　　中under which 引导的定语从句修饰conditions 。Concerning 用作介词，相当于about，

　　regarding，意为“关于”，如： a letter concerning your complaint 关于你投诉的信件。几个

　　并列的名词当介词concerning 的宾语。

　　译文：关于歧视、死刑、性行为的法律，以及个人对其行为应负法律责任的先决条件，

　　都受到心理学理论和研究的影响。

　　9. For the friendships I have and the friendships I see are conducted at many levels of intensity,

　　serve many different functions, meet different needs and range from those as all--the--way as the

　　friendship of the soul sisters mentioned above to that of the most nonchalant and casual playmates.

　　要点：这是复合句。句中for 作连接词，解释说明为什么“朋友在每件事情上都应是朋

　　友”这种观念是狭隘的。两个并列的friendship 作句子的主语。are conducted ，serve，meet

　　和range 构成句子的并列谓语。翻译时前三个谓语结构可以按顺序议出，第四个谓语结构

　　range from···to···可以单独译成一个句子。Those 指those friendships。That 是代词，指

　　friendship。as···as···作定语修饰those。mentioned above 是过去分词作定语，修饰sisters。

　　Soul sisters 宜译成“知心姐妹”。nonchalant ：漠不关心;冷淡的。

　　译文：因为我所拥有的以及我所见到的友谊其深浅不同，作用不同，满足的需要也不

　　尽相同，从上文提到的如同知心姐妹一样持久的友情，到最一般的朋友和偶遇的玩耍伙伴之

　　间的友谊。

　　10. In fact, continuous eye contact is usually confined to lovers, who will gaze into each other's

　　eyes for an eternity, conveying meanings that words cannot express, and baffling onlookers into

　　the bargain.

　　要点：这是复合句。Who 引导非限制性定语从句，修饰lovers。conveying meanings that

　　words cannot express 和baffling onlookers into the bargain.是两个并列的分词短语，表示伴随

　　的情况。That 引导定语从句，修饰meanings。be confined to 在此处是“仅局限于”的意思。

　　Eternity 的原意是“永恒，无穷”，此处指情人之间目光长时间地接触。Baffle 的意思是“使

　　困惑”。翻译时按原文顺序译出。Into the bargain:而且;另外。

　　译文：事实上，连续不断的目光接触通常仅限于情人之间，他们长时间地凝视对方的

　　眼睛，传递用语言所不能表达的意思，还能使局外人不知真情。