托福语法辅导：难长句精解与语法精要（第二章）

　　第二章倒装句

　　英语句子通常有两种语序,一种是自然语序(Natural Order),又称正装语序,另一种便是本

　　章要介绍的倒装语序(Inverted Order)。

　　从形式上分,倒装有两种：全部倒装(Full Inversion)和部分倒装(Partial Inversion)。谓语动

　　词全部位于主语之前的称作全部倒装,例如：In front of me stood a boy. (我面前站着一个男孩。)

　　只将谓语动词的一部分(通常是助动词或情态动词)放在主语之前的称作部分倒装,例如：Only

　　in this way can we do it better. (只有这样,我们才能做得更好一些。)从使用目的区分,倒装也有

　　两种情况,即语法倒装(Grammatical Inversion)和修辞倒装(Rhetorical Inversion)。语法倒装是由

　　于语法规则的要求而必须进行的倒装,例如：Who called me just now?(刚才谁打电话给我?)修

　　辞倒装是出于修辞的需要而把正常语序转为倒装语序,例如：Out rushed the children.(孩子们

　　冲了出去。)H·Fowler 归纳倒装的原因有九种,即疑问、命令、惊叹、假设、平衡、衔接、

　　点题(signpost)、否定和韵律(metrical)。这并不完全,还应加上强调和为使描写更加生动两种。

　　在英语中,倒装句俯拾即是,用得非常普遍,但汉语却很少用,所以在翻译倒装句时,仍应按原文

　　词序翻译,并照顾汉语的习惯,以保持译文句子结构流畅、匀称。本章只列举在阅读文章中常

　　遇到的倒装现象,以使考生熟悉英语和汉语在语序上的差异。

　　1. Jack London poured into his writings all the pain of his life, the fierce hatred of the bourgeoisie

　　that it had produced in him, and the conviction it had brought to him that the world could be made

　　a better place to live in if the exploited would rise up and take the management of society out of

　　the hands of the exploiters.

　　第一层： Jack London poured into his writings all the pain of his life, the fierce hatred of the

　　主谓状宾定宾

　　bourgeoisie that it had produced in him , and the conviction it had brought to him that the world

　　定定语从句1 连宾定语从句2

　　could be made a better place to live in if the exploited would rise up and take the management of

　　同位语从句

　　society out of the hands of the exploiters .

　　第二层： (定语从句1) that it had produced in him.

　　引主谓状

　　(定语从句2) it had brought to him.

　　主谓间宾

　　(同位语从句) that the world could be made a better place to live in 定if the exploited

　　引主谓宾定

　　would rise up and take the man-agement of society out of the hands of the exploiters.

　　状语从句

　　第三层： (状语从句) if the exploited would rise up and take the management of society

　　引主谓连谓宾定

　　out of the hands of the exploiters.

　　状

　　要点本句为倒装句。如果宾语较长或宾语结构比较复杂,往往将宾语后置,采用倒装语序,

　　以使句子保持平衡。本句的宾语由三个并列的名词构成,且第二和第三个名词后又带有限定

　　性定语从句,故采用倒装语序,将动词"poured"的宾语放在状语"into his writings"之后。"all the

　　pain...","the fierce hatred..."和"the conviction..."是"poured"的三个并列的宾语;其中,第一个that

　　引导的定语从句修饰"hatred","it had brought to him"修饰"conviction",在该定语从句中其关系

　　代词作宾语而被省略;第二个that 从句则是"conviction"的同位语从句。

　　译文杰克·伦敦在作品中倾注了他一生中所遭受过的一切痛苦,倾诉了这种痛苦在他心

　　中产生的对资产阶级的刻骨仇恨以及由此产生的这样的信念：如果被剥削者起来反抗,从剥

　　削者手中夺回社会管理权,那么世界就会变成一个人人有好日子过的地方。

　　2. Along with them goes social mobility, ambition to rise in the urban world, a main factor in

　　bringing down the births in Europe in the nineteenth century.

　　分析： Along with them goes social mobility, ambition to rise in the urban world,

　　状谓定主主定

　　a main factor in bringing down the births in Europe in the nineteenth century.

　　同位语定

　　要点这是一个完全倒装句,主语是social mobility...century,谓语动词是goes。ambition to

　　rise in the urban world 是对social mobility 的进一步说明。a main factor 在意思上相当于

　　which is a main factor in...century,修饰ambition to ...world。本句可按原文顺序翻译。

　　译文伴随他们而来的是社会的流动性, 人们强烈地希望在城市里发展,这是19 世纪欧

　　洲出生率下降的主要因素。

　　3. For example, they do not compensate for gross social inequality, and thus do not tell how able

　　an underprivileged youngster might have been had he grown up under more favorable

　　circumstances.

　　要点句中had he grown up ... 是虚拟条件中省略if 的倒装结构。翻译时,要把if 的含义

　　译出。主句为并列谓语"... compensate ... , and ... tell"结构。句中how 引导宾语从句。虚拟条

　　件句为宾语从句的状语。根据汉语的表达习惯,条件状语常前置。

　　译文例如,它们并不弥补明显的社会不公; 因此,它们说明不了一个物质条件差的年轻

　　人,如果在较好的环境下成长,会有多大的才干。

　　4. So involved with their computers do the children become that leaders at summer computer

　　camps often have to force them to break for sports and games.

　　要点本句的基本结构是the children become so involved with their computers that...。因为

　　把so involved with their computers 放在了句首,所以句子必须倒装。因为该句的动词是

　　become,所以用do 来帮助倒装。翻译时宜用正装语序。

　　译文参加计算机夏令营的孩子们对计算机如此着迷,以至夏令营的负责人常常不得不

　　强迫他们停下来参加体育运动或做游戏。

　　5. As the Internet becomes more and more commercialized, it is in the interest of business to

　　universalize access - after all, the more people online, the more potential customers there are.

　　要点破折号后面的部分是用来解释句子主句的,在结构上是部分倒装句,属"(从句)the

　　+比较级...,(主句) the +比较级"句型,这样的句子一般主谓不倒装。翻译时可用正装。

　　universalize:使普遍化;使通用化。

　　译文随着国际互联网越来越商业化,普及上网会对商家有利, 因为上网的人越多,潜在

　　的顾客数量就越多。

　　6. Only after studies provided evidence of the harmful effects of such programs has it been

　　possible to modify TV programming policies.

　　要点only 是加强语气的词语,位于句首时,主谓语要倒装。这样的句子一般可按原文顺序

　　翻译。has it been ...是主句,正装应是it has been...。

　　译文只有大量调研提供出证据表明此类节目产生不良影响后,电视节目审查政策才有

　　可能改变。

　　7. Unpopular as red has been in the past at the moment it is a favorite hair style.

　　要点这是一个主从复合句,主句是at the moment it is a favorite hair style。在让步状语从

　　句中,作为表语的unpopular 放在as 前面位于句首,构成部分倒装。形容词+as 从句在意思上

　　等于although...,一般翻译成"虽然⋯"。注意这个形容词不能放在动词后面,否则整个句子意思

　　不同。

　　译文虽然过去红色不受欢迎,眼下红色染发剂却备受青睐。

　　8. Lonely was seeing his daughter only twice a week since the divorce.

　　要点这是一个完全倒装句,主语是seeing his daughter...divorce。翻译时可正装。

　　译文他只是觉得离婚后每周只能看女儿两次让他感到孤独。

　　9. So perilous was this one that he was the only security officer on the site.

　　要点该句的原结构是this one was so perilous that...,因为把so perilous 放在句首,所以句

　　子要主谓倒装。翻译时可正装。

　　译文做现场惟一的保安官员,这差使还真有点危险。

　　10. In front of me stood the essential tools of the intelligence officer's trade - a desk, two

　　telephones, one scrambled(改变频率使不被窃听)for outside calls, and to one side a large green

　　metal safe with an oversized combination lock on the front.

　　要点这是一个并列句,由and 连接。第一个分句中破折号前面是一个完全倒装句,主语是

　　the essential tools of the intelligence officer's trade。破折号后面的部分是用来解释trade。One

　　scrambled for outside calls 等于one of which was scrambled for outside calls。第二个分句也是

　　一个完全倒装句,只是在to one side 后面省去了动词stood。该句可按原文语序翻译,第二个分

　　句中省去的动词应翻译出来。

　　译文：展现在我面前的是情报官员这一行的基本用具--一张写字台、两部电话,其中一部

　　是变频加密外线电话,在我旁边是一个大型的绿色金属保险柜,其正面有一把特大号复合密码

　　锁。