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托福语法满分精要之精要

中华考试网   2014-06-25   【

  从句

  表语,宾语,定语从句

  1. That引导宾语从句时That可省,引导主语从句,表语从句不可省

  2. Wh-型代词和副词引导疑问句时要倒装,从句都不能倒装

  3. 引导宾语从句的whether和if通常可以互换,但与or,not连用时只能用whether

  4. As if也经常用于引导表语从句

  5. 某些形容词后,跟that引导的表语从句,that常被省略,这些词有:afraid, alarmed, amazed, amused, angry, annoyed, astonished, aware, clear, confident, depressed, disappointed, distressed, glad, grateful, happy, hopeful, horrified, irritated, pleased, proud, sad, shocked, sorry, sure, thankful, upset等等

  6. 关系代词在定语从句中必定担当一个句子成分,所以注意主语,宾语的重复,同时做主语的时候不可省略

  7. 关系代词本身没有单复数区别,从句中的谓语动词取决于先行词

  8. 在定语从句中做介词宾语的关系代词只能用which和whom

  9. 关系代词whose在定语从句中做定语,修饰名词,该名词可以是人,也可以是物,且后者居多,表示of which

  10. 定语从句中的语态取决于先行词(当关系代词做主语时)

  11. Such….as中as引导定语从句,不可替换成别的任何词

  12. The same ….as/that中,as表示同类,that表示not changed, not another(即该事物本身),如:you’ve made the same mistakes as I did(another) ; you’ve made the same mistakes as you made last time (itself)

  13. What不能引导定语从句

  14. 先行词为all, nothing, everything, something, anything, much, little 等(复合)不定代词时,或先行词有序数次,最高级修饰,或被the only, the very, the same, the last修饰时,只能用that引导定语从句而不能用which

  15. 介词+关系代词引导定语从句时,人用whom, 物用that

  16. 非限定性定语从句只能由which, who, whom引导

  17. 先行词有多个(人和物并存),用that引导定语从句

  18. 定语从句与强调句型需要注意区分,强调句型为it is/was + 强调成分 + that/who,在强调句型中,去掉 is/was that/who两部分仍然可成为一个完整句

  状语从句

  连接词:

  时间:when, whenever, as, while, before, after, until, till, once, the moment, as soon as, by the time, since

  地点:where, wherever

  原因:because, as, since, now that

  目的:so that, in order that, for fear that, in case that, lest

  结果:so that, so….that, such….that

  条件:if, as long as, unless, provided

  让步:though, although, no matter, however, even if

  方式:as if, as though, as

  比较:than, as

  注意:状语在句子中不作为一个语法成分,因此状语也不仅仅限于从句,也可以由介词短语作为状语,并且介词短语有时在中文意思上和连接词完全一样,而介词只能接名词,连接词可以引导从句,需要注意区分

  常见介词与连词的混淆

  1.Despite, in spite of -介 although, though-连

  2.During-介

  3.Because of, on account of, thanks to-介

  4.Too…..to….为不定式结构,so….that….为状语从句结构,不可混淆

  5.Since是介词和连接词,做连接词时,可以引导原因状语从句和时间状语从句,做介词时只能后面跟时刻

  6.Even为强调副词,不能引导状语从句,必须用even though, even if

  有几种状语从句中可以省略主语和部分谓语,有:

  When, while引导的时间状语从句

  If, unless引导的条件状语从句

  Though, even though, although, no matter how引导的让步状语从句

  As if引导的方式状语从句

  但是省略必须满足以下两点要求:

  1. 从句主语和主句主语一致

  2. 从句谓语必须包括动词be

  此时可以省略是主语和谓语部分中的动词be,其他连接词引导的不可省略

  同位语从句

  要点:

  1. 可接同位语从句的名词(泛属于抽象概念,概括性,蕴涵性的需要一定解释的名词即可)

  信息:information, news, word, message, story, proof, announcement等

  思想:thought, idea, belief, truth等

  心理活动:hope, doubt, fear等

  问题回答:question, problem, answer, reply等

  建议劝告:suggestion, proposal, advice等

  许诺保证:promise, permission等

  2. 同位于从句的引导词:that, whether, who, what, when, where, why, how

  同位语从句与定语从句判断标准:看前面的名词能不能与句子划等号

  That只要不是在从句中作主语都可省略,但that作从句中介词后的宾语则必须当that紧跟先行词时才可省略。

  名词

  常见不规则复数形式

child

children

foot

feet

tooth

teeth

goose

geese

man

men

woman

women

mouse

mice

louse

lice

ox

oxen

penny

pence

analysis

analyses

appendix

appendices

parenthesis

parentheses

basis

bases

ellipsis

ellipses

axis

axes

hypothesis

hypotheses

oasis

oases

crisis

crises

criterion

criteria

phenomenon

phenomena

datum

data

medium

media

bacterium

bacteria

nucleus

nuclei

fungus

fungi

stimulus

stimuli

alumnus

alumni

focus

foci

radius

radii

terminus

termini

larva

larvae

alga

algae

formula

formulae

  结尾读音为[f]并且以-f或-fe结尾的名词变化

  1. 规则变化:beliefs, chiefs, cliffs, dwarves, hoofs, scarves

  2. 不规则变化:把f或fe变成v,加es,读音为[vz]

  3. 杂交变化: wharfs, wharves均可

  以-o结尾

  1.+s : kilos, photos, Filipinos, Eskimos, radios, solos 死物

  2.+es : heroes, potatoes, tomatoes, Negroes 活物

  3.+es/s : cargos / cargoes 半死不活

  单复数同形:

deer

grouse

salmon

trout

carp

bison

sheep

Chinese

Japanese

Portuguese

Swiss

Vietnamese

barracks

corps

crossroads

gallows

headquarters

means

series

species

works

horsepower

hertz

kilohertz

li

mu

aircraft

spacecraft

craft

offspring

  词的性别

  词缀

actor

actress

prince

princess

hero

heroine

host

hostess

waiter

waitress

widower

widow

  没联系

father

mother

uncle

aunt

son

daughter

king

queen

  变态词

dog

雌雄均可,多指公狗

bitch

母狗

horse

雌雄均可

stallion

公马

mare

母马

duck

雌雄均可,多指母鸭

drake

公鸭

加表示性别的词

 

male nurce

man doctor

maid servant

woman voter

gentleman friend(男性朋友)

lady clerk

male swan

female flower

  要点:

  1. 单数名词不可单独存在-必须有冠词

  2. Every, each, another, many a只能修饰单数可数名词

  3. 序数后一般使用单数可数名词

  4. Other一般修饰复数名词,也可以修饰不可数

  5. 只能修饰复数名词:these, those, many, various, several, numerous, few, a few, both, diverse, a (good / large / great) number of, numbers of, one of

  6. One / two / many + of + 限定词 + 复数名词

  必须使用复数形式的词:clothes, riches, fireworks, remains, wages, ashes, thanks, sweets

  复合词:num, + n. + (adj.),其中n.要用单数

  只修饰不可数名词:much, little, a little, a great deal of, a great amount of, a piece of, an article of

  代词

  1. 反身代词没有所有格,要用one’s own 表示

  2. 反身代词不能作主语

  3. 既能作不定代词又能作形容词:some, any, another, each, all, both, most, such, few, one, enough, many, neither, either

  4. Every, no只能当形容词,后面必须跟名词才能存在

  5. 不定代词后有of+名词结构名词前一定要有限定词,如: few of the students, many of these bridges

  6. That和one可以指代单数名词,those和ones可以指代复数名词

  7. Other即是限定词又是代词,others为复数形式

  8. 任何代词与指代对象要保持数的一致

  9. It可以表示时间,日期,天气,距离;可以代替不定式,从句,动名词(短语)作形式主语或宾语,

  形容词

  1. 当一个名词有相应的形容词时,优先使用形容词进行修饰

  2. 形容词修饰不定代词后置

  3. 形容词短语修饰名词后置,相当于定语

  形容词短语:1.两个或两个以上形容词并列:He is a man rude but henpecked

  2.形容词与介词短语搭配:This is a subject worthy of careful study

  3.少数形容词后直接跟逻辑宾语:She own a diamond worth $5,000,00;A student confident that…..

  4.有些形容词与不定式:a good , always ready to…

  5.So…to do, too….to do, …..enough to do结构

  注意:若该结构修饰的名词前有不定冠词可这样修改:she is a nurse careful enough to…=she is careful enough a nurse to….

  6.少数形容词后可加-ing分词:person busy doing; a student long understanding

  7.距离,时间(名词)+形容词:a tower 180 feet high

  8.More…than, as…as构成:a student no more diligent than Tom

  9.单个分词修饰名词,可前置也可后置,若分词短语则后置:a stolen car = a car stolen

  4. 形容词顺序:数词,描述性形容词,品质性形容词

  5. 形容词作宾语补足语时一般在宾语后,当宾语有很长的后置定语的时候则在宾语之前

  6. 形容词,形容词短语作状语

  7. 下列形容词没有比较级,最高级

  表示相对关系的:former, latter, inner, outer, upper, elder

  表示强调意义的:mere, outright, utter, very

  表示限制意义的:chief, joint, main, only, principal, sole, chemical, nuclear, solar

  源自拉丁问的形容词:major, minor, senior, junior, superior, inferior, prior

  表示国籍的形容词:English, French

  表示绝对意义的形容词:average, equal, daily, weekly, unique, square, round, vertical, excellent, infinite, extreme, right, absolute, correct, true, wrong, right, false, left

  其他:inside, outside, indoor, outdoor

  8. 修饰形容词,副词原级,比较级,最高级的词

  原级:exactly, just, nearly, almost, hardly, twice, three times

  比较级:slightly, a little, a bit, much, many, a lot, greatly, a great deal, far, even, still和程度词-2 times…

  最高级:by far, the second

  9. 特殊意义的结构

  No more…..than与。。。同样不

  Tom no less than Jerry = Tom as much as Jerry TOM和JERRY吃的一样多

  More….than与其说。。不如说

  It is more a poem than a picture与其说它是副画,不如说是首诗

  As….as, more than, less than 非真正意义上的比较,仅仅是一种前置修饰

  It’s no more than a mile to….只有一里就到。。

  He will come in less than…他不用。。个小时就会来

  As many as 300 people come…多达300人来了

  易混形容词:

  Literal逐字的,字面的 literary文学的

  Economic经济学的 economical节约的

  Historic历史上著名的 historical历史的

  Forgettable易被忘记的 forgetful健忘的

  Respectable受尊敬的 respectful恭敬的 respective各方面的

  Sensible明智的 sensitive敏感的

  Imaginable可想像的 imaginary想像中的 imaginative富于想象力的

  Special特殊的 specific明确的,特有的

  Effective有效的 efficient效率高的

  Credible可信的 creditable值得赞扬的

  Considerable相当多的,大量的 considerate考虑周到的

  Industrial工业的 industrious勤劳的

  副词

  1. Yet作状语在否定句中,要么在not之后,要么在句末

  2. 连接副词可以联系句与句,体现逻辑,但非连接词-不能在句首引导句子,只能作插入语

  举例,补充:first, second / firstly, secondly / anyhow, anyway / again, also, too, besides, further, furthermore / moreover, next, then /

  总结:altogether

  解释:namely

  转换话题:incidentally, meanwhile, now, well

  结果:accordingly, consequently, hence, therefore, thus, thereby

  否定:else, otherwise

  让步:however, nevertheless, notwithstanding, still, though

  对比:alternatively, conversely, instead

  冠词

  1. 不定冠词的一些习惯用法:have a walk / rest, all of a sudden, as a rule, go on a diet, in a sense, once in a while

  2. 定冠词的一些习惯用法:all the time, by the way, in the distance, on the whole, to the point, out of the question, pull sb. By the arm , in the morning / afternoon / evening, in the past, in the meanwhile, in the air

  3. 同一名词在同一短语中反复出现时,该名词前一般不使用任何冠词:hand in hand, step by step, day after day, from there to there

  4. 有相对关系的名词在同一短语中成对使用一般不加冠词:from city to suburb, from birth till death, heart and soul, day and night

  5. 在a kind / type / category / species / sort of等结构后面的名词前一般不使用任何冠词

  6. 表示官职,职位,身份,称呼的名词前一般不使用冠词

  7. 零冠词的一些习惯用法:by accident, in advance, in fact, go to school / hospital / prison / bed (上学,住院,坐牢,睡觉), on duty, on earth, under way

  介词

  重要介词:

  1. After 在。。。以后

  2. Among在。。。一类中;是。。中之一;在。。范围之内

  3. As 作为,以。。的身份;用于the same …as, such as和as…as…等习语

  4. By由,被;凭借,通过,用

  5. Despite尽管,任凭,不顾

  6. During在。。期间

  7. In在。。期间;在。。。的过程中;在。。里面

  8. Into到。。里面

  9. Like像

  10. Of 属于;由。。。组成

  11. Since从。。。以来;从。。。以后

  12. To 朝;向;到

  1. 介词短语中的加冠词与不加冠词的区别:加冠词按照字面意思理解,不加冠词则按常识理解:e.g. at table 吃饭,at the table在桌边

  2. 介词搭配通常跟词干确定而不限词性

  3. 需要记忆的固定搭配与辨析P162

  数词

  1. Only, more than, less than等限定词修饰数词时,应紧靠在数词之前

  2. One of the+名词短语 中,名词短语的名词用复数,后面的谓语动词用单数

  3. 序数词和形容词一起前置修饰名词时,序数词应放在前面

  动名词的用法

  1. 动名词可作主语,宾语,补语和定语

  2. 动名词具有动词特征,后面可以接宾语,可以被副词修饰

  3. 动名词的被动语态:being + v.ed;完成时态:having + v.ed

  4. 介词宾语和下列动词,习惯用语中必须用动名词,不能用不定式

  动词:

  Advise, anticipate, fancy, mind, doubt, escape, finish, ponder, admit, suggest, consider, miss, delay, mention, resist, resent, risk, appreciate, enjoy, deny, keep, practice, avoid, postpone, favor, ensure, resume, detest, can’t help, forgive, quit, recall, celebrate, pardon, regret, advocate, tolerate, report, excuse, imagine, dislike, discontinue

  习语:

  Cannot help +V-ing = cannot but +V

  There is no + v-ing = it is impossible to do

  It is no use + V-ing = it is of no use to do

  Be worth + V-ing

  Be busy + V-ing

  Of one’w own + V-ing = ~ed by oneself

  Feel like + V-ing

  Look forward to + V-ing

  Confess to + V-ing

  5. 不定式to与介词to的区别

  (1) 表示反对,对立,针对的to为介词

  Be contrast to, be contradictory to, object to, be opposed to, with a view to, in contrast to

  (2) 表示“于”或“对于”的to也通常为介词

  Be used to, be accustomed to, be exposed to, be devoted to, be dedicated to, abandon oneself to, limited to, committed to, resort to, react to, as to, with regard to, respond to

  6. 表示禁止,防止等语义的动词后面一般接from,再加动名词。From偏向于否定:V1 + 宾语 + From + V2-ing.

  分词

  1. 分词作补语,若与修饰名词关系为主谓则用现在分词,若为动宾则为过去分词:a bell ringing, I ‘m excited at the news

  2. 分词作定语,用一般主动式或一般被动式,不能用完成式,表示动作正在进行用现在分词,以完成用过去分词:a moving story, a meeting held yesterday

  3. 分词作状语,分词与句子主语存在主谓关系:现在分词的主动式;分词与句子主语存在动宾关系:现在分词的被动式或过去分词;现在分词一般式-动作与主句谓语同时进行,现在分词完成式-动作在主句谓语动词之前做完,过去分词-强调动作已作但不强调时间(主动,被动不影响分词表示的时间概念):He sat there, reading a book. Given more attention, the trees..= Being given more attention, the trees…

  不定式

  1. 不定式作表语,通常带to,但前面若有do的限定形式,则to省略:What he did was (to) call us

  注意:凡表示“目的”“理由”“功能”“意图”等语义的名词作主语,表语一定要用不定式:purpose, objective, goal, aim, function, reason, intention

  2. 有些动词后只能用不定式(短语)而不能用其他形式:afford, agree, arrange, ask, attempt, beg, care, choose, claim, consent, contrive, dare, decide, decline, demand, deserve, desire, determine, endeavor, expect, fail, fear, guarantee, help, hesitate, hope, intend, learn, long, manage, offer, petition, plan, pledge, plot, pray, prepare, pretend, promise, refuse, resolve, seek, swear, threaten, undertake, venture, volunteer

  3. 不定式作except, but的宾语

  4. 不定式作定语,被修饰词与不定式存在施动或受动关系,以及一些常用不定式作定语的名词:ambition, approach, chance, courage, way, effort, force, method, motive, movement, opportunity, power, reason, time, ability, determination, attempt

  5. 不定式作结果状语:too….to, adj/adv + enough + to.., so + adj/adv + as….to

  6. 不定式在使役动词后面作宾补:cause, compel, drive, enable, enforce, force, get, lead, leave, oblige, press, urge

  7. 不定式在一些表示思维活动的词后作宾补,参照P.186-187

  8. 除Have, let, make等使役动词,感观动词:feel, hear, listen等后面使用不带TO的不定式(被动to要还原)

  9. 一些短语接不带to的不定式:had better, would rather, had sooner(宁愿), had rather, would sooner(宁愿), cannot but(不得不),do nothing but(只是), prefer to do rather than do

  10. 不定式常用于被动语态的动词后作主语的补语

  11. 不定式作形容词补语:

  (1) 不定式表原因:I am sorry to hear that(常用形容词:fortunate, glad, happy, lucky, proud, sorry)

  (2) 表示人的品格或智能特征的形容词:He was silly to do so

  (3) 句子主语与某些形容词之后的不定式存在逻辑受动关系:She was difficult to teach

  (4) 某些形容词后表示最终没发生的未来动作:He is afraid to go there

  (5) 在表示说话人的看法的形容词后:He is certain to come

  12. 疑问词+不定式结构

  主谓一致:not only…but also, not…but, either…or, neither…nor, or, nor, there be后面的动词采用就近原则

  倒装

  1. So …..that : So beautiful is the girl that she remains single today

  2. As….as , More….than

  I swim as well as did Mao

  比较内容是动作,并且对象使用专有名词而非代词

  3. 表示地点,位置,范围,处所的状语或标语提前至句首

  Among those students is my sister.

  In Zhang Guan Cun Lies New Oriental school

  4. 分词或形容词短语提取句首

  Contrary to the opinion of most people is my heartfelt objection to the construction plan

  S + Be + Adj. + 介 + O.→ Adj. + 介词 + O. + be + S

  S + Be + 分词 +(介) + O. → 分词 + (介词) + O. + Be + S

  5. Adj. + though / as + S + 谓 + 主句

  Busy as I am, I will go shopping

  6. 表否定的副词或短语 + 助动词 + S + 谓语 + 其他成分

  否定词:Not / Nor / never / neither / not / seldom / rarely / barely / scarcely / hardly

  7. Only + 状语置于句首 + 助动词 + 主谓语 + 其他成分

  Only though this crisis do I understand that you love me best in the world

  虚拟语气

1.

条件句

谈过去的情况,动词为:条件从句-had+过去分词,主句-would have + 过去分词

  2. 谈现在或将来的情况:条件从句-过去式,主语-would+动词原形

  3. 动词为be式,多用were形势

  4. Demand, suggest, propose, request, insist, order, suggestion, proposal, order, idea等词引起的从句中美国多用动词原形,英国用would + 动词原形:I suggest that we (should) cancel the trip

  5. Wish, would rather, had rather, as if, tough, if only后的从句,动词用相当于陈述语气过去时态或过去将来时态:I wish I were a bird, I’ve loved you as if you were my son

6.

从句

It’s (high) time 后的定语从句中,谓语也要用虚拟语气(过去式):It’s time we went to bed, It’s time that they were taught a lesson
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