Part C：Answer questions 71 ~ 80 by referring to the following books.
Note: Answer each question by choosing A, B, C or D and mark it on ANSWER SHEET 1. Some choices may be required more than once.
A = BOOK 1 B = BOOK 2 C = BOOK 3 D = BOOK 4
Which book(s) say(s) that...
•the climate affects the future sustainable agricultural development? 71.___________
•environmental control is related with the national revenues? 72. _____
•the environmental problems ale not caused overnight? 73.___________
•a variety of species are on the decrease? 74.___________
•agriculture is also a factor for the degradation of environment? 75.___________
•pollution call be controlled by increasing the production cost of polluting goods? 76.___________
•pollution control needs the support of technology and techniques? 77.___________
•provides lessons for agriculture，trade，land USe and tax policy from an economic perspective?78.___________
•the degradation of environment cauSes the change of climate? 79.___________
•the approaches to research should be adjusted to the changing situation?80.___________
BOOK 1
The book offers a comprehensive perspective on the consequences and possible policy solutions for cli-matic change as we move into the twenty-first century. It assesses the impact of potential feature global climate change on agriculture and the need to sustain agricultural growth for the economic development.
The book begins by examining the role of international research institutions in overcoming environmental con-straints on sustainable agricultural growth and economic development. The authors then discuss how agricultural re-search systems may be restructured to respond to global environmental problems such as climate change and loss of genetic diversity. The discussion then extends to consider environmental accounting and indexing, to illustrate how environmental quality can be included formally in measures of national income, social welfare and sustainability.
The third part of the book focuses on the effects of and policy responses to climate change. Chapters in this part ex-amine the effect of climate change on production, trade, land use patterns and livelihoods. They consider impacts on the distribution of income between developed and developing countries remain a major economic activity. Authors take on an economy-wide perspective to draw lessons for agriculture, trade, land use and tax policy.
BOOK 2
The ozone layer is threatened by chemical cmissious; the climate is endangered from fossil and defor-estation, and global biodiversity is being lost by reason of thousands of years of habitat conversions. Global environ-mental problems arise out of the accumulated impacts from many years' and many countries' economic develop-ment. In order to address these problems the states of the world must cooperate to manage their development proces-ses together--this is what an international environmental agreement must do. But can the world' s countries cooper-ate successfully to manage global development? How should they manage it? Who should pay for the process, as well as for the underlying problems?
This book presents an examination of both the problem and the process underlying international environmental lawmaking: the recognition of international interdependence, the negotiation of international agreements and the evo-lution of international resource management. It examines the general problem of global resource management by means of general principles and case studies and by looking at how and why specific negotiations and agreements have failed to achieve their targets.
The book is designed as an introductory text for those studying global environmental policy making and institu-tion building. It will also be of interest to practitioners and policy rnakers and scholars in the areas of environmental economics and law.
BOOK 3
Industrialization to achieve economic development has resulted in global environmental degradation.
While the impacts of industrial activity on the natural environment are a major concern in developed countries, muchless is known about these impacts in developing countries. This source book identifies and quantifies the environmen-tal consequences of industrial growth, and provides policy advice, including the use of clean technologies and envi-ronmentally sound production techniques, with special reference to the developing world.
The developing world is often seen as having a high percentage of heavily polluting activities within its industrial sector. This, combined with a substantial agriculture sector, which contributes to deforestation, the erosion of the top soil and desertification, has led to extreme pressures on the environment and impoverishes the population by de-stroying its natural resource base. This crisis suggests that sound industrialization policies are of paramount impor-tance in developing countries' economic development, and calls for the management of natural resources and the a-doption of low-waste of environmentally clean technologies.
The authors consider the industrial sector as a pollutant to other sectors of the economy, and then focus on some industrial-specific pollutants within the manufacturing sector and some process-specific industrial pollutants. Theyconclude by reviewing the economic implications of promoting environmentally sound industrial development, spe-cially adressing the question of the conflict or complementarily which may exist between environmental goods and in-dustrial production.
BOOK 4
This is an important book which presents new concepts of the marginal cost of substituting non-pollu-tive for pollutive goods. Technically in its approach it complements the other literature in the field and will be a sig-nificant contribution to the understanding of microeconomic issues in pollution control. The book focuses on the three main concepts: substitutions in consumption, emission abatement and exposure avoidance. The first part considers the adjustment of the scope and combination of goods produced as a method for controlling pollution.
The author argues that pollution is controlled by increasing the relative price of the polluting goods in the pro-duction process, thereby reducing demand and subsequent production of the goods. In the second part, the discus-sion is extended to include the possibilities of preventing or abating emissions in relation to three models: first, pol-lution prevention when non-polluting inputs and processes are substituted for pollutants; second, when a proportion of the polluting output is recycled rather than being discarded; and finally end-of-pipe abatement where additionaltechnology is used. In conclusion, the author assesses the extent to which pollution damage is controlled by avoid-ance of emissions, with avoidance being modeled as an add-on technology with its own returns to scale.
Section IV Writing
(40 minutes )
You will read a question .which says, "Which is a better source of news--newspaper or TV?"
Write an article for the newspaper to clarify your own points of view towards this issue. You should use your
own ideas,Knowledge or experience to generate support for your argument, including an example.
You should write no less than 250 words. Write your article on ANSWER SHEET 2.
THE END OF THE TEST
