How generous is an ape? This generosity may have been______(91) to the survival of our early ancesto
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The researchers designed an experiment that could provide strong evidence that bonobos could give things to each other simply______(93) generosity rather than being pressured into doing so, or expecting some sort of immediate payback. For their experiment, the researchers______(94) advantage of the fact______(95) the Lola Ya Bonobo apes have learned to crack open palm nuts with rocks. ______(96) a rock, they have to gnaw on the nuts for a long time to get them out of their shell. The scientists put one bonobo in a cage with five nuts. In an adjacent cage, a______(97) bonobo a stranger to the first one had two rocks but no nuts. The cages were connected by a window. The bonobos were free to bring gifts to the window______(98) to each other 一 or to ignore their______(99). The researchers found that the bonobos with the nuts proved generous. In 18 percent of the trials, the bonobos with the nuts handed one through the window to their neighbor, a rate that showed their______(100) to give food to others. But the bonobos in the other cage almost______(101) returned the favor. They refused to pass one of their rocks through the window.
In______(102) experiment, Dr. Krupenye experienced their______(103) of generosity firsthand.Each bonobo would sit in a cage, with a mesh wall______(104) in front of the door to the hallway. A colleague would______(105) a stick into the cage near the bonobo and leave. Then Dr. Krupenye would come to the doorway and beg for the stick. He would reach______(106) his arm, plaintively calling the bonobo’s name. The bonobos almost never handed Dr. Krupenye the stick. In fact, sometimes they seemed to tease him. “They will put it through the mesh a little bit and then pull it back when Tm trying to reach for it,” said Dr. Krupenye.
The work of Dr. Krupenye and others makes______(107) clear that humans aren’t unique in their generosity. It’s possible that our common ancestor with bonobos and chimpanzees was already prosocial, at least______(108) a limited extent. This versatility may have______(109) early in our lineage, producing traits that encouraged more sharing.
It leads______(110) to have generous inclinations without any coaching.
单选题第1题This generosity may have been______(91).
A.special
B. extraordinary
C. extreme
D. Crucial
参考答案：D
答案解析：special为“特殊的”；extraordinary为“非 凡的、特别的”；extreme为“极其的、非常的”；crucial为“关键的、决定性的”。这句话的意思是：对于那些依靠狩猎和采摘生活的早期祖先来说，慷慨大方对他们的生存至关重要。答案为D。
单选题第2题______（92) lived in small bands of hunter-gatherers.
A.who
B. that
C. which
D. What
参考答案：A
答案解析：此处需要引导定语从句的引导词，在从句中作主语，先行词为ancestors，所以选who,答案为A。
单选题第3题simply______(93) generosity rather.
A.because
B. out of
C. towards
D. From
参考答案：B
答案解析：out of意为“出于或由于……”。这句话的意思是：猩猩会出于慷慨互相给东西，而不是迫于压力。答案为B。
单选题第4题the researchers______(94).
A.took
B. made
C. used
D. Utilized
参考答案：A
答案解析：take advantages of是固定搭配，意为“利用”，答案选A。
单选题第5题advantage of the fact______(95).
A.who
B. which
C. that
D. What
参考答案：C
答案解析：用that引导同位语从句，只起连接作用，在从句中不作任何句子成分。答案为C。
单选题第6题______(96) a rock.
A.With
B. Without
C. Have
D. Having
参考答案：B
答案解析：这句话的意思是：没有石头，他们会咬很长时间才能把果肉从壳里面取出来。根据句意，选B项without。
单选题第7题a______(97) bonobo a stranger to the first one had two rocks but no nuts.
A.other
B. another
C. second
D. First
参考答案：C
答案解析：这句话的意思是：在相邻的笼子里，放着另一只猩猩。所缺单词前面为a，所以只能选second，表示“另一、再一”。答案为C。
单选题第8题The bonobos were free to bring gifts to the window______(98).
A.to give
B. giving
C. given
D. Gave
参考答案：A
答案解析：这句话的意思是：猩猩们自由地通过窗户给彼此送礼物，或者忽略他们的邻居。此处用动词不定式to give作目的状语，答案为A。
单选题第9题to each other 一 or to ignore their______(99).
A.friend
B. neighbor
C. intimate
D. Roommate
参考答案：B
答案解析：由下文 “In 18 percent of the trials, the bonobos with the nuts handed one through the window to their neighbor”可以看出，应该是他们的邻居，因答案为B项。
单选题第10题a rate that showed their______(100) to give food to others.
A.unwillingness
B. willingness
C. aptitude
D. Preference
参考答案：B
答案解析：这句话的意思是：在18%的试验中，有坚果的猩猩通过窗户把坚果递给邻居，这一比例表明了他们愿意把食物分享给别人。willingness意为“乐意、愿意”；aptitude意为“才能、天资”；preference意为“偏好、爱好”。B项符合题意。
单选题第11题a rate that showed their______(100) to give food to others.
A.ever
B. usually
C. hardly
D. Never
参考答案：D
答案解析：这一句以but开头，表示句义的转折，表示另一个笼子里的猩猩从来不会回报这种恩惠，故选never，答案为D项。
单选题第12题In______(102) experiment
A.other
B. another
C. others
D. the other
参考答案：B
答案解析：前文已经提到了一个实验，说起后面另一个实验时用another,表示“另一个”，后面跟单数名词。D项the other表示“两者中的另一个”，本文并未表明只有两个实验，因此答案为B。
单选题第13题Dr. Krupenye experienced their______(103) of generosity firsthand.
A.willingness
B. abundance
C. richness
D. Lack
参考答案：D
答案解析：根本下文对这一实验的描述，猩猩不愿意给Dr. Krupenye那条棍子，说明猩猩缺乏慷慨，故选D。
单选题第14题with a mesh wall______(104) in front of the door to the hallway.
A.hang
B. hangs
C. hung
D. Hanging
参考答案：D
答案解析：现在分词hanging作定语，相当于which hangs，答案选D。
单选题第15题A colleague would______(105) a stick into the cage near the bonobo and leave.
A.slip
B. walk
C. run
D. Step
参考答案：A
答案解析：slip into意为“偷偷溜进……”。这句话的意思是：一位同事偷偷溜进笼子，把棍子放在猩猩的旁边，然后离开。答案为A。
单选题第16题He would reach______(106) his arm.
A.in
B. out
C. from
D. For
参考答案：B
答案解析：reach out意为“伸出”。这句话的意思是：他一边哀求般地叫着猩猩的名字，一边伸出胳膊拿那根棍子。答案为B。
单选题第17题The work of Dr. Krupenye and others makes______(107) clear that humans aren’t unique in their generosity.
A.that
B. this
C. it
D. What
参考答案：C
答案解析：make it clea that…是固定句型，其中it是形式宾语，真正的宾语为后面的that从句，故选C。
单选题第18题at least______(108) a limited extent.
A.in
B. on
C. at
D. to
参考答案：D
答案解析：tosomeextent意为“在某种程度上”，所以选介词to，答案为D。
单选题第19题This versatility may have______(109) early in our lineage.
A.evolved
B. involved
C. evoked
D. Invaded
参考答案：A
答案解析：evolve意为“演变、发展”；involve意为“包括、涉及”；evoke意为“引起、唤起”；invade意为“侵略、侵袭”。这句话的意思是：慷慨这种精神很早就已经在我们的血统中开始发展演变，进而产生了分享这种特质。答案为A。
单选题第20题It leads______(110) to have generous inclinations without any coaching.
A.toddlers
B. the teens
C. adults
D. the old
参考答案：A
答案解析：toddlers意为“学步的小孩、初学走路的孩子”。这句话的意思是：这使得初学走路的小孩没有经任何指导就有慷慨的倾向。答案为A。
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