2018年5月CATTI三级笔译真题来源
三级笔译英译汉文章来源：
Improved human well-being is one of the modern era’s greatest triumphs. The age of plenty has also led to an unexpected global health crisis: two billion people are either overweight or obese. Developed countries have been especially susceptible to unhealthy weight gain, a trend that could be considered the price of abundance. However, developing countries are now facing a similar crisis.
Obesity rates have plateaued in high income countries but are accelerating elsewhere. The combined findings of UNICEF, the World Health Organisation and the World Bank showed that in 2016 Asia was home to half the world’s overweight children. One quarter were in Africa.
Residents of developing nation cities are increasingly susceptible to obesity, particularly amid the megatrends of urbanisation, globalisation, and industrialisation of food supply. According to India’s National Institute of Nutrition, over a quarter of urban-dwelling men and nearly half of women are overweight.
The majority of the world’s future urbanisation is projected to occur in developing countries, particularly in Asia and Africa. As rural dwellers move to urban areas, easy access to cheap and convenient processed foods lures them into unhealthy diets.
This crisis will test the political resolve of governments that have historically focused on ending hunger. These governments must understand that the factors making cities convenient and productive also make their residents prone to obesity. Intelligent, focused policies are needed to effectively manage this emerging crisis.
Urban lifestyles
Urbanites enjoy a variety of culinary options, ranging from aisles of processed goods in supermarkets to scores of short-order street vendors. Additionally, international fast food chains are flourishing in developing countries. This is shifting dietary habits away from healthier traditional fare and towards fried foods and sugary drinks.
The health risks of such diets are compounded by the sedentary lifestyles of urban dwellers. The most recent Indian nutrition survey found that city-dwelling men and women work an average of roughly eight hours a day. Most are engaged in sedentary office jobs. Only about one quarter exercise.
People’s leisure time is also being monopolised by passive diversions like television, movies, and video games in the growing number of households able to afford such technologies.
The alarming implication of these trends is that developing countries may become sick before they get rich. That sickness may, in turn, cripple health systems.
The yearly health care costs in Southeast Asia of obesity-related complications like diabetes and cardiovascular disease are already as high as US $10 billion. Obesity among China’s younger generation could cost US $724 billion in medical treatment by 2030. Such diseases are an added burden on countries already struggling to manage primary health care needs.
Policies related to taxation, urban design, education and awareness and the promotion of localised food systems may help control obesity at a lower cost than eventual medical treatment for an ageing and increasingly overweight population.
Direct interventions
Some governments have already experimented with direct interventions to control obesity, such as taxation on unhealthy foods and drinks. The US pioneered the soda tax movement. Thailand, Brunei, and Singapore have adopted similar measures. South Africa is likely to introduce a sugar tax beginning in April 2018.
Regulatory approaches have not stopped at taxation – or at sugar. In the United Kingdom, advertising rules prohibit the marketing of foods high in fat, salt and sugar to children younger than 16.
The city of Berkeley in California recognises that taxes alone are not enough to address obesity. Proceeds from the city’s sugar tax are used to support child nutrition and community health programmes. This underscores the importance of education and awareness.
There is also promise in broader-reaching initiatives. Urban design holds significant power to reshape lifestyle patterns and public health. Improving the attractiveness of public space, the “walkability” of neighbourhoods and the quality of cycling infrastructure can draw residents out of their cars and living rooms.
A recent study of urban neighbourhoods in Shanghai and Hangzhou found that middle-income residents living in less walkable neighbourhoods had significantly higher Body Mass Indices than both richer and poorer residents who lived in walkable neighbourhoods in urban China.
Finally, healthier lifestyles begin in grocery store aisles. Governments should encourage tighter connections between agricultural production systems, urban grocers and food vendors. Relationships with farmers in areas immediately adjacent to cities, in addition to the promotion of urban gardens, have been popular approaches in the US.
Such initiatives can also help urban residents better understand the mechanics of food sourcing. This raises awareness about the relationship between natural foods and healthy lifestyles. Even the preservation of culture around traditional foods can promote healthy alternatives.
Combining controls on unhealthy foods with policies that incentivise healthy eating and active lifestyles constitute a promising response to rising obesity rates. Addressing public health is a policy mandate for developing countries from both an economic and social point of view. To paraphrase the recent Global Nutrition Report, addressing obesity is a global imperative for releasing the brakes on development.
The world isn't getting smaller, it's getting fatter, according to a comprehensive report published Thursday in The Lancet.
Whether you're looking at men or women, children or adults, citizens of rich countries or poor ones, people were much more likely to be overweight or obese in 2013 than they were in 1980, the study found.
In 1980 – the year Pac-Man was unleashed on the world and John Lennon was assassinated – there were 857 million people on the planet who were either overweight or obese. Thirty-three years later, the comparable figure was 2.1 billion.It’s not just that the global population grew (and thus the number of people with too many pounds on their frames). The proportion of men who were overweight or obese rose from 28.8% in 1980 to 36.9% in 2013, while the proportion of women in that category increased from 29.8% to 38% during the same period, the report said.
In developed countries, 16.9% of boys and 16.2% of girls were overweight or obese in 1980. By 2013, those figures were 23.8% and 22.6% respectively. Even in developing countries, the prevalence of overweight and obesity among boys rose from 8.1% to 12.9% and the prevalence among girls grew from 8.4% to 13.4%, the researchers found.
All over the world, the passage of time was marked by bigger waistlines. "Successive cohorts seemed to be gaining weight at all ages, including childhood and adolescence," the researchers found. The most rapid period of weight gain came between the ages of 20 and 40.
A few extra pounds may seem harmless, but their cumulative effect is serious, public health experts say. The Centers for Disease Control and Prevention warns that being overweight or obese will increase your risk of such life-threatening conditions as coronary heart disease, Type 2 diabetes, stroke and certain types of cancer, among other problems. A 2010 study in The Lancet estimated that overweight and obesity caused 3.4 million deaths worldwide.
For the new study, dozens of researchers from around the world worked together to compile accurate statistics for 183 countries. They focused on rates of overweight (defined as a body mass index of 25 or greater) and obesity (defined as BMI of at least 30) in the years between 1980 and 2013. (The massive effort was funded by the Bill and Melinda Gates Foundation, which did not influence the study design or its findings.)
Tonga had the dubious distinction of having a majority of the adult population considered obese. In addition, six other countries had obesity rates above 50% for women: Kuwait, Kiribati, the Federated States of Micronesia, Libya, Qatar and Samoa.
The United States earned special mention for its "high prevalence of obesity" – 31.6% of men and 33.9% of women. The researchers noted that 13% of the world's 671 million obese individuals live in the U.S. – more than any other country.
Indeed, more than half of the world's obese people lived in just 10 countries in 2013: The U.S., China, India, Russia, Brazil, Mexico, Egypt, Germany, Pakistan and Indonesia. China and India actually had "low" rates of obesity – only 3.8% of Chinese men and 5% of Chinese women were obese in 2013, along with only 3.7% of Indian men and 4.2% of Indian women. But both countries are so populous that they still came in at No. 2 and No. 3 on the worldwide list.
Perhaps this was the most depressing finding in the entire 16-page report: "No countries had significant decreases in obesity in the past 33 years."
In a commentary that accompanies the study, epidemiologist Klim McPherson wondered what it would take for the world to get serious about reining in weight gain and returning BMIs to levels to where they were 30 years ago.
"Public health efforts are leading to progress in tobacco control and cardioprotective diets in a slow and deliberate way. As a result, deaths caused by smoking-related diseases and cardiovascular diseases are decreasing," wrote McPherson, a visiting professor at the University of Oxford. "Can a similar success with weight ever happen?"
Probably not any time soon, he conceded. For policymakers, tackling obesity is like tackling climate change: Experts have a good idea of what needs to be done, but there is simply no political will to make such radical changes.
“Where is the international will to act decisively in a way that might restrict economic growth in a competitive world, for the public’s health?” McPerson wrote. “Nowhere yet, but … politicians can no longer hide behind ignorance or confusion.”
三级笔译汉译英文章来源：
煤炭是地球上储量最丰富、最容易得到的能源，但目前反对使用煤炭的声浪之高已超过以往任何时候。
造成煤炭需求增速下降这一现状的，不仅是因为煤炭巨大的碳排放量引起气候变化的担忧，与其经济效益下降也有一定关系，煤炭与其他能源相比，竞争力已经有所下降了。
以美国为例，页岩油气的繁荣造成部分煤炭因价格过高而被排挤出市场。美国最大的矿业公司博地能源公司(PeabodyEnergy)表示，由于天然气价格下跌，今年美国的煤炭需求量将减少6000万吨到8000万吨。美国能源情报署表示，美国去年的煤炭需求量接近9.2亿短吨(1短吨约合0.91吨)。
根据世界煤炭协会(WorldCoalAssociation)的数据，煤炭提供了全球约30%的一次能源和40%以上的电力。在中国和印度，煤炭所满足的能源需求比重甚至达到70%左右。
国际能源署(IEA)预计，到2040年，全球煤炭需求每年的增速仅为0.5%，而过去30年的年均增速为2.5%。国际能源署表示，美国的煤炭用量到2040年将下降三分之一，中国也有望在2030年到达峰值。过去10年中的大部分时间，中国巨大的煤炭需求维持了煤炭市场的活跃。
实际上，中国的煤炭消费量在2014年已经下滑，煤炭进口量下降了11%，这是10年来的首次下降。中国的经济增速已经放缓，同时也做出极大努力减少煤炭的消费量以减少污染。由于现在中国的燃煤发电厂运行的时间较以前有所减少，再加上煤炭供应充足，造成国际煤炭价格被压低。动力煤出口基准价格从2011年的峰值下跌了约60%。
如果中国致力于减少煤炭使用，它将借鉴发达国家所作出的努力。美国出台了新的《汞及大气有毒物排放标准》(MercuryandAirToxicsStandards，简称MATS)，若得到贯彻落实，预计到2018年，美国的燃煤发电能力将减少6000万千瓦，相当于总装机容量的五分之一左右。美国还在酝酿更严格的规定，这就是美国环保局的《清洁能源计划》(CleanPowerPlan)。该计划旨在减少化石能源发电所造成的碳排放。到2020年，美国煤炭需求量可能因此减少四分之一，但煤炭公司正竭力反对该举措，博地能源公司认为环保局出这些规定“大大越权”。
煤炭企业该怎么办?发展中国家的增长仍是一大希望。嘉能可公司(Glencore)负责人指出，2025年，亚洲煤炭需求量预计将增加10亿吨，这比目前动力煤海上贸易的总量还多，而预计增量中的一半将来自中国以外的地区。
煤炭需求很大程度上取决于全球向低碳经济过渡的节奏。如果所有已宣布的削减碳排放的政策改革得不到有效执行，预计煤炭需求还会更加强劲。
随着中国多年来强劲的煤炭需求增速的放缓，印度正逐渐成为煤炭行业维持强劲需求的希望所在。
印度是全球第二人口大国，其经济仍严重依赖煤炭，能源需求有一半以上要靠煤炭满足。纳伦德拉˙莫迪(NarendraModi)当选印度总理后，很多人认为他将致力于煤炭的开发。莫迪被认为是改革派，致力于加快印度经济的增长。必和必拓集团高管迈克˙亨利(MikeHenry)去年曾对投资者表示：“印度的增长故事正开始吸引人们的注意。”
国际能源署预计，到2020年，印度将超过美国成为全球第二大煤炭消费国。国际能源署还预测印度将超过中国成为动力煤最大进口国。煤炭出口国能从印度的这一转变中获得多大利益，可能要取决于印度国内煤炭行业的发展速度。
国有企业印度煤炭公司(CoalIndia)被要求在未来5年将产量翻一番，这是一个宏伟的目标。印度可能因此成为一个更加重要的国际煤炭市场参与国。
国际能源署预计，未来5年印度的煤炭需求将增加2.5亿吨，这一增幅超过目前除中国和美国以外其他任何国家的煤炭消费量。但该机构也表示：“世上没有第二个中国。”
