Epilepsy
癫痫
Epilepsy is a chronic noncommunicable disease of the brain that affects around 50 million people worldwide. It is characterized by recurrent seizures, which are brief episodes of involuntary movement that may involve a part of the body (partial) or the entire body (generalized) and are sometimes accompanied by loss of consciousness and control of bowel or bladder function.
癫痫是一种脑部慢性非传染性疾病，影响到全球大约5000万人。该病的特点是反复发作。癫痫发作时，身体某一部位或整个身体短暂非自主性抽搐(即部分性发作或全身性发作)，有时伴有意识丧失和尿便失禁。
Seizure episodes are a result of excessive electrical discharges in a group of brain cells. Different parts of the brain can be the site of such discharges. Seizures can vary from the briefest lapses of attention or muscle jerks to severe and prolonged convulsions. Seizures can also vary in frequency, from less than 1 per year to several per day.
癫痫发作由一组脑细胞异常放电造成。大脑的不同部位都可能成为异常放电的位点。发作从极短暂的意识丧失或肌肉反射到严重且持续性抽搐不等。发作的频率也可存在差异，从每年发作少于一次，到每天发作几次不等。
One seizure does not signify epilepsy (up to 10% of people worldwide have one seizure during their lifetime). Epilepsy is defined as having two or more unprovoked seizures. Epilepsy is one of the world’s oldest recognized conditions, with written records dating back to 4000 BC. Fear, misunderstanding, discrimination and social stigma have surrounded epilepsy for centuries. This stigma continues in many countries today and can impact on the quality of life for people with the disease and their families.
一次发作并不意味着患有癫痫症(世界上高达10%的人一生中会有一次发作)。癫痫是指两次或两次以上的无端发作。癫痫是世界上最早确认的病症之一，具有可以追溯到公元前4000年的文字记载。数世纪以来，人们对癫痫存有恐惧、误解、歧视并视之为社会耻辱。今天在许多国家中该疾病恶名犹存，这影响到患者及其家庭的生活质量。
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