11. If a linguistic study aims to lay down rules for “correct” behavior, i.e., to tell people what they should say and what they should not, it is said to be p .
12. Languages that use the pitch of individual syllables to contrast meanings are called t
languages. Pitch variations can be used to distinguish meaning just like phonemes.
13. I morphemes are those morphemes that show various grammatical relations or categories such as number, tense and case.
14. A c sentence contains two or more clauses, one of which is incorporated into the other.
15. In grammatical analysis, the sentence is taken to be the basic unit, but in semantic analysis of a sentence, the basic unit is called p , which is the abstraction of the meaning of a sentence.
16. The significance of Grice’s C Principle lies in that it explains how it is possible for the speaker to convey more than is literally said.
17. The method of r of a parent language from a comparison of its daughter languages is called the comparative method.
18. The avoidance of using t language mirrors social attitude, emotions and value judgements.
19. Genie’s case not only confirms the critical period hypothesis, but also the view that human’s language a device is independent of other intellectual abilities.
20. If the target language functions as a foreign language, the learner is likely to benefit from an
i motivation.
Ⅲ. Directions: Judge whether each of the following statements is true or false. Put a T for true or F for false in the brackets in front of each statement. If you think a statement is false, you must explain why you think so. ( 2% ×10=20% )
21. ( ) The arbitrary nature of language is absolute, i.e., there are no words in world languages that maintain a correspondence between form and sound.
22. ( ) Certain strings of phonemes are permissible and others are not. If a word begins with an/1/or/r/, the next segment must be a vowel. That is why / 1bIk/does not sound like an English word. It violates the restriction on the sequencing of phonemes.
23. ( ) The different stresses used in a compound do not usually affect the meaning of the compound.
24. ( ) The recursive properties of phrase structure rules enable these rules to generate an infinite number of sentences, and sentences with infinite length.
25. ( ) Entailment is a relation of inclusion. If X entails Y, the meaning of X is included in Y.
26. ( ) Performatives are sentences that do not state a fact or describe a state, and are not verifiable.
27. ( ) Another kind of change that can be thought of as “economy of memory” results in a reduction of the number of exceptional or irregular morphemes. For example, children and adults are presently saying I dreamed last night (instead of dreamt). This kind of change has been called rule simplification.
28. ( ) One striking fact about the asymmetry between male and female terms in many languages is that when there are male/female pairs, the male form for the most part is unmarked and the female term is produced by adding a bound morpheme or by compounding.
29. ( ) Research findings have shown that language processing centers are situated in a single area of the left hemisphere.
30. ( ) The grammatical errors that occur in second language acquisition can all be explained by mother tongue interference.
