非选择题部分
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II. Vocabulary (10 points, 1 point for each)
Directions: Scan the following passage and find the words which have roughly the same meanings as those given below. The number in the brackets after each word definition refers to the number of paragraph in which the target word is. Write the word you choose on the Answer Sheet.
Britain’s most prestigious scientific institution, the Royal Society, will host a meeting for some of the world’s top psychologists. Their aim is to find out why it is that some people’s lives go so right. What is it that makes them happy and fulfilled, while others seem doomed to founder in misery, dissatisfaction and dejection?
Psychologists have known for some time that optimism is a good defense against unhappiness.“If you are optimistic and you think life is going to get better, it will become a self-fulfilling prophecy,” says Baylis. “You will involve yourself more, you will take more care of yourself. You will figure that if you do more exercise and not booze as much, life will be better.”
Positive psychologists believe optimism can be learned, and we can teach ourselves to see a half-empty glass as half-full.“Research on depression shows that one of the biggest causes of depression is ruminating about something that went wrong in the past,” says Baylis.“What happens is you look into the past and think about some event and keep turning it over, saying, ‘I messed up, I messed up,’ and you let it hurt you.”
But just as dwelling on negative events can lead to depression, dwelling on things that have gone well can help pick you up.“You have to thank your lucky stars about what goes right on a daily basis. Whenever you get the feeling of being negative about things, just take a moment out and remind yourself of the stuff that has gone well. It could be anything from a conversation to your garden looking nice, or that it didn’t rain on you when you were out on your bike. It’s an extremely powerful technique.”
By reminding ourselves what went well instead of what went wrong, positive psychologists believe we can build a buffer against unhappiness, making us better able to take life's knocks when they come.
26. having high status (Para. 1)
27. satisfied because of fully developing one’s abilities (Para. 1)
28. a sad and depressed state (Para. 1)
29. a prediction of what will happen in the future (Para. 2)
30. to drink alcohol, especially in large quantities (Para. 2)
31. a mental state of gloomy feelings (Para. 3)
32. to think deeply about something (Para. 3)
33. not optimistic (Para. 4)
34. a cushion-like device that reduces shock (Para.5)
35.a discouraging experience (Para. 5)
III. Summarization (20 points, 2 points for each)
Directions: In this part of the test, there are ten paragraphs. Each of the paragraphs is followed by an incomplete phrase or sentence which summarizes the main idea of the paragraph. Spell out the missing letters of the word on your Answer Sheet.
Passage One
Women in 1970 earned on average 52 cents for every dollar a man earned. By 2007, women earned 71 cents, a great improvement. But that’s not likely to grow much as long as a greater percentage of women work in lower-paying fields and more women than men leave the workplace for periods to raise children.
36. Women generally earn 1______ than men.
Passage Two
Why is our appetite so powerful a driver of our behavior? If that question has long defied easy answers, it’s no wonder. Understanding a single biological unit — the heart, the lungs — is hard enough. Understanding a process as complex as appetite — one that involves taste, smell, sight, brain chemistry, gut chemistry, metabolism and, most confounding of all, psychology — is exponentially harder.
37. Appetite mechanism is d______ to understand.
Passage Three
Emotions and values play an enormous role in how we process information and make choices. We are beset by cognitive biases that throw what would be sound decision-making off-balance. Take loss aversion: psychologists have found that human beings tend to be more concerned about avoiding losses than achieving gains, holding onto what they have even when this is not in their best interests.
38. Emotions and values greatly a______ decision-making.
Passage Four
Most mammals can sprint faster than humans— having four legs gives them the advantage. But when it comes to long distances, humans can outrun almost any animal. Because we cool by sweating rather than panting, we can stay cool at speeds and distances that would overheat other animals.
39. Human’s efficient c______ system.
Passage Five
Rising carbon dioxide levels leads to global warming. The industrialized world has been the main protagonist given that carbon dioxide lasts about 100
years in the atmosphere, but as the developing nations become increasingly mechanized and urbanized, the balance is shifting. Indeed, the carbon emissions of Asia more than doubled from 1990 onwards.
40. Developing countries p______ more carbon emissions than before.
Passage Six
An average of just one 85-gram serving of unprocessed red meat — such as a medium hamburger or a small pork chop — per day increased by 12 percent the chances a person would get type 2 diabetes over the course of a decade or two.
41. C______ of red meat increases risk of diabetes.
Passage Seven
When it comes to money, it often pays to ignore financial news. The media is in the business of selling news, and to do that, they sensationalize it. Fueled by the over-eager reporting, irrational exuberance can quickly turn to pervasive gloom. Neither state of mind makes sense. They’re both extremes that lead investors to make poor decisions.
42. Financial news may m______ investors.
Passage Eight
Orbiting only about three million miles out from its star, the Jupiter-size gas giant planet, dubbed TrES-2b, is heated to 980 degrees Celsius. Yet the apparently inky world appears to reflect almost none of the starlight that shines on it.
43. A d______ planet that reflects almost no light.
Passage Nine
Thirty-six years ago, when the grizzly was first listed as threatened, there were no bears along the Rocky Mountain Front, the plains at the base of the Rockies. If one was spied, it was routinely killed by ranchers. Now there are over a hundred, perhaps many more.
44. A______ of bears in their former habitat.
Passage Ten
Scientists have been finding evidence of life inside meteorites for well over 100 years — that, or the building blocks of life. The claims of life have proved false every time. It always turns out to be a wishful interpretation of chemicals, minerals and tiny structures inside the meteorite that could be the fossilized long-dead bacteria — but almost certainly aren’t.
45. Scientists f______ to find valid evidence of life inside meteorites.
