托福阅读历年真题精选5

Questions 40-50

Pheromones are substances that serve as chemical signals between members of the

same species. They are secreted to the outside of the body and cause other individuals

of the species to have specific reactions. Pheromones, which are sometimes called

Line "social hormones," affect a group of individuals somewhat like hormones do an individual

(5)  animal. Pheromones are the predominant medium of communication among insects

(but rarely the sole method). Some species have simple pheromone systems and produce

only a few pheromones, but others produce many with various functions. Pheromone

systems are the most complex in some of the so-called social insects, insects that live

in organized groups.

(10) Chemical communication differs from that by sight or sound in several ways.

Transmission is relatively slow (the chemical signals are usually airborne), but the

signal can be persistent, depending upon the volatility of the chemical, and is sometimes

effective over a very long range. Localization of the signal is generally poorer than

localization of a sound or visual stimulus and is usually effected by the animal's moving

(15) upwind in response to the stimulus. The ability to modulate a chemical signal is limited,

compared with communication by visual or acoustic means, but some pheromones may

convey different meanings and consequently result in different behavioral or physiological

responses, depending on their concentration or when presented in combination. The

modulation of chemical signals occurs via the elaboration of the number of exocrine

(20) glands that produce pheromones. Some species, such as ants, seem to be very articulate

creatures, but their medium of communication is difficult for humans to study and

appreciate because of our own olfactory, insensitivity and the technological difficulties

in detecting and analyzing these pheromones.

Pheromones play numerous roles in the activities of insects. They may act as alarm

(25) substances, play a role in individual and group recognition, serve as attractants between

sexes, mediate the formation of aggregations, identify foraging trails, and be involved in

caste determination. For example, pheromones involved in caste determination include

the "queen substance" produced by queen honey bees. Aphids, which are particularly

vulnerable to predators because of their gregarious habits and sedentary nature, secrete

an alarm pheromone when attacked that causes nearby aphids to respond by moving away.

 

40. What does the passage mainly discuss?

(A) How insects use pheromones to communicate

(B) How pheromones are produced by insects

(C) Why analyzing insect pheromones is difficult

(D) The different uses of pheromones among various insect species

41. The word "serve" in line I is closest in meaning to

(A) improve

(B) function

(C) begin

(D) rely

42. The purpose of the second mention of "hormones" in line 4 is to point out

(A) chemical signals that are common among insects

(B) specific responses of various species to chemical signals

(C) similarities between two chemical substances

(D) how insects produce different chemical substances

43. The word "sole" in line 6 is closest in meaning to

(A) obvious

(B) best

(C) only

(D) final

44. The passage suggests that the speed at which communication through pheromones occurs is dependent on how quickly they

(A) lose their effectiveness

(B) evaporate in the air

(C) travel through the air

(D) are produced by the body

45. According to the passage, the meaning of a message communicated through a

pheromone may vary when the

(A) chemical structure of the pheromone is changed

(B) pheromone is excreted while other pheromones are also being excreted

(C) exocrine glands do not produce the pheromone

(D) pheromone is released near certain specific organisms

 

46. The word "detecting" in line 23 is closest in meaning to

(A) controlling

(B) storing

(C) questioning

(D) finding

 

47. According to paragraph 2, which of the following has made the study of

pheromones difficult?

(A) Pheromones cannot be easily reproduced in chemical laboratories.

(B) Existing technology cannot fully explore the properties of pheromones.

(C) Pheromones are highly volatile.

(D) Pheromone signals are constantly changing.

48. The word "They" in line 24 refers to

(A) pheromones

(B) roles

(C) activities

(D) insects

49. The word "sedentary" in line 29 is closest in meaning to

(A) inactive

(B) inefficient

(C) unchangeable

(D) unbalanced

50. Pheromone systems are relatively complex in insects that

(A) also communicate using sight and sound

(B) live underground

(C) prey on other insects

(D) live in organized group