2001年8月TOEFL机经_第2页

　　(5) secrets so carefully that no one wrote about glass fiber production until the early
　　seventeenth century.
　　The eighteenth century brought the invention of "spun glass" fibers. Rene-Antoine de
　　Reaumur, a French scientist, tried to make artificial feathers from glass. He made fibers
　　by rotating a wheel through a pool of molten glass, pulling threads of glass where the hot
　　(10) thick liquid stuck to the wheel. His fibers were short and fragile, but he predicted that
　　spun glass fibers as thin as spider silk would be flexible and could be woven into fabric.
　　By the start of the nineteenth century, glassmakers learned how to make longer, stronger
　　fibers by pulling them from molten glass with a hot glass tube. Inventors wound the
　　cooling end of the thread around a yarn reel, then turned the reel rapidly to pull more fiber
　　(15) from the molten glass. Wandering tradespeople began to spin glass fibers at fairs, making
　　decorations and ornaments as novelties for collectors, but this material was of little
　　practical use; the fibers were brittle, ragged, and no longer than ten feet, the circumference
　　of the largest reels. By the mid-1870's, however, the best glass fibers were finer than silk
　　and could be woven into fabrics or assembled into imitation ostrich feathers to decorate
　　(20) hats. Cloth of white spun glass resembled silver; fibers drawn from yellow-orange glass
　　looked golden.
　　Glass fibers were little more than a novelty until the 1930's, when their thermal and
　　electrical insulating properties were appreciated and methods for producing continuous
　　filaments were developed. In the modern manufacturing process, liquid glass is fed
　　(25) directly from a glass-melting furnace into a bushing, a receptacle pierced with hundreds
　　of fine nozzles, from which the liquid issues in fine streams. As they solidify, the streams
　　of glass are gathered into a single strand and wound onto a reel.
　　1. Which of the following aspects of glass
　　fiber does the passage mainly discuss?
　　(A) The major developments in its
　　production
　　(B) Its relationship with pottery making
　　(C) Important inventors in its long history
　　(D) The variety of its uses in modern
　　industry
　　2. The word "coarse" in line 1 is closest in
　　meaning to
　　(A) decorative
　　(B) natural
　　(C) crude
　　(D) weak
　　3. Why was there nothing written about the
　　making of Renaissance glass fibers until
　　the seventeenth century?
　　(A) Glassmakers were unhappy with the
　　quality of the fibers they could make.
　　(B) Glassmakers did not want to reveal
　　the methods they used.
　　(C) Few people were interested in the
　　Renaissance style of glass fibers.
　　(D) Production methods had been well
　　known for a long time.
　　4. According to the passage, using a hot
　　glass tube rather than a wheel to pull
　　fibers from molten glass made the fibers
　　(A) quicker to cool
　　(B) harder to bend
　　(C) shorter and more easily broken
　　(D) longer and more durable
　　5. The phrase "this material" in line 16 refers
　　to
　　(A) glass fibers
　　(B) decorations
　　(C) ornaments
　　(D) novelties for collectors
　　6. The word "brittle" in line 17 is closest in
　　meaning to
　　(A) easily broken
　　(B) roughly made
　　(C) hairy
　　(D) shiny
　　7. The production of glass fibers was
　　improved in the nineteenth century by
　　which of the following
　　(A) Adding silver to the molten glass
　　(B) Increasing the circumference of the
　　glass tubes
　　(C) Putting silk thread in the center of the
　　fibers
　　(D) Using yam reels
　　8. The word "appreciated" in line 23 is
　　closest in meaning to
　　(A) experienced
　　(B) recognized
　　(C) explored
　　(D) increased
　　9. Which of the following terms is defined in
　　the passage?
　　(A) invention (line 7)
　　(B) circumference (line 17)
　　(C) manufacturing process (line 24)
　　(D) bushing (line25)
　　Questions 10-19
　　The most thoroughly studied cases of deception strategies employed by ground-nesting
　　birds involve plovers, small birds that typically nest on beaches or in open fields, their
　　nests merely scrapes in the sand or earth. Plovers also have an effective repertoire of tricks
　　Line for distracting potential nest predators from their exposed and defenseless eggs or chicks.
　　(5) The ever-watchful plover can detect a possible threat at a considerable distance. When
　　she does, the nesting bird moves inconspicuously off the nest to a spot well away from
　　eggs or chicks. At this point she may use one of several ploys. One technique involves
　　first moving quietly toward an approaching animal and then setting off noisily through
　　the grass or brush in a low, crouching run away from the nest, while emitting rodent like
　　(10) squeaks. The effect mimics a scurrying mouse or vole, and the behavior rivets the
　　attention of the type of predators that would also be interested in eggs and chicks.
　　Another deception begins with quiet movement to an exposed and visible location well
　　away from the nest. Once there, the bird pretends to incubate a brood. When the predator
　　approaches, the parent flees, leaving the false nest to be searched. The direction in which
　　(15) the plover "escapes" is such that if the predator chooses to follow, it will be led still further
　　away from the true nest.
　　The plover's most famous stratagem is the broken-wing display, actually a continuum
　　of injury-mimicking behaviors spanning the range from slight disability to near-complete
　　helplessness. One or both wings are held in an abnormal position, suggesting injury. The
　　(20) bird appears to be attempting escape along an irregular route that indicates panic. In the
　　most extreme version of the display, the bird flaps one wing in an apparent attempt to
　　take to the air, flops over helplessly, struggles back to its feet, runs away a short distance,
　　seemingly attempts once more to take off, flops over again as the "useless" wing fails to
　　provide any lift, and so on. Few predators fail to pursue such obviously vulnerable prey.
　　Needless to say, each short run between "flight attempts" is directed away from the nest.
　　10. What does the passage mainly discuss?
　　(A) The nest-building techniques of
　　plovers
　　(B) How predators search for plovers
　　(C) The strategies used by plovers to
　　deceive predators
　　(D) Why plovers are vulnerable to
　　predators
　　11. The word "merely" in fine 3 is closest in
　　meaning to
　　(A) often
　　(B) only
　　(C) usually
　　(D) at first
　　12. Which of the following is mentioned in
　　the passage about plovers?
　　(A) Their eggs and chicks are difficult to
　　find.
　　(B) They are generally defenseless when
　　away From their nests.
　　(C) They are slow to react in dangerous
　　situations.
　　(D) Their nests are on the surface of the
　　ground.
　　13. The word "emitting" in line 9 is closest
　　in meaning to
　　(A) bringing
　　(B) attracting
　　(C) producing
　　(D) minimizing
　　14. In the deception technique described
　　in paragraph 2. the plover tries to
　　(A) stay close to her nest
　　(B) attract the predator's attention
　　(C) warn other plovers of danger
　　(D) frighten the approaching predator
　　15. The word "spanning" in line 18 is closest
　　in meaning to
　　(A) covering
　　(B) selecting
　　(C) developing
　　(D) explaining
　　16. According to paragraph 4, which of the
　　following aspects of the plover's
　　behavior gives the appearance that it is
　　frightened?
　　(A) Abnormal body position
　　(B) Irregular escape route
　　(C) Unnatural wing movement
　　(D) Unusual amount of time away from
　　the nest
　　17. The word "pursue" in line 24 is closest in
　　meaning to
　　(A) catch
　　(B) notice
　　(C) defend
　　(D) chase
　　18. According to the passage, a female
　　plover utilizes all of the following
　　deception techniques EXCEPT
　　(A) appearing to be injured
　　(B) sounding like another animal
　　(C) pretending to search for prey
　　(D) pretending to sit on her eggs
　　19. Which of the following best describes
　　the organization of the passage?
　　(A) A description of the sequence of
　　steps involved in plovers nest
　　building
　　(B) A generalization about plover
　　behavior followed by specific
　　examples
　　(C) A comparison and contrast of the
　　nesting behavior of plovers and
　　other ground nesting birds
　　(D) A cause-and-efleet analysis of the
　　relationship between a prey and a
　　predator
　　Questions 20-28
　　The interrelationship of science, technology, and industry is taken for granted
　　today—summed up, not altogether accurately, as "research and development." Yet
　　historically this widespread faith in the economic virtues of science is a relatively recent
　　Line phenomenon, dating back in the United States about 150 years, and in the Western world
　　(5) as a whole not over 300 years at most. Even in this current era of large scale, intensive
　　research and development, the interrelationships involved in this process are frequently
　　misunderstood. Until the coming of the Industrial Revolution, science and technology
　　evolved for the most part independently of each other. Then as industrialization became
　　increasingly complicated, the craft techniques of preindustrial society gradually gave way
　　(10) to a technology based on the systematic application of scientific knowledge and scientific
　　methods. This changeover started slowly and progressed unevenly. Until late in the
　　nineteenth century, only a few industries could use scientific techniques or cared about
　　using them. The list expanded noticeably after 1870, but even then much of what passed
　　for the application of science was "engineering science" rather than basic science.
　　(15) Nevertheless, by the middle of the nineteenth century, the rapid expansion of scientific
　　knowledge and of public awareness-if not understanding-of it had created a belief that the
　　advance of science would in some unspecified manner automatically generate economic
　　benefits. The widespread and usually uncritical acceptance of this thesis led in turn to the
　　assumption that the application of science to industrial purposes was a linear process, starting
　　(20) with fundamental science, then proceeding to applied science or technology, and through
　　them to industrial use. This is probably the most common pattern, but it is not invariable. New
　　areas of science have been opened up and fundamental discoveries made as a result of
　　attempts to solve a specific technical or economic problem. Conversely, scientists who mainly
　　do basic research also serve as consultants on projects that apply research in practical ways.
　　(25) In sum, the science-technology-industry relationship may flow in several different ways, and
　　the particular channel it will follow depends on the individual situation. It may at times even
　　be multidirectional.
　　20. What is the author's main purpose in the
　　passage?
　　(A) To show how technology influenced
　　basic science
　　(B) To describe the scientific base of
　　nineteenth-century American
　　industries
　　(C) To correct misunderstandings about
　　the connections between science,
　　technology, and industry
　　(D) To argue that basic science has no
　　practical application
　　21. The word "altogether" in line 2 is closest
　　in meaning to
　　(A) completely
　　(B) realistically
　　(C) individually
　　(D) understandably
　　22. The word "intensive" in line 5 is closest
　　in meaning to
　　(A) decreased
　　(B) concentrated
　　(C) creative
　　(D) advanced
　　23. The "list" mentioned in line 13 refers to
　　(A) types of scientific knowledge
　　(B) changes brought by technology
　　(C) industries that used scientific
　　techniques
　　(D) applications of engineering science
　　24. The understanding of research and
　　development in the late nineteenth
　　century is based on which of the
　　following?
　　(A) Engineering science is not very
　　important.
　　(B) Fundamental science naturally leads
　　to economic benefits.
　　(C) The relationship between research
　　and development should be
　　criticized.
　　(D) Industrial needs should determine
　　what areas fundamental science
　　focuses on.
　　25. The word "it" in line 16 refers to
　　(A) understanding
　　(B) public awareness
　　(C) scientific knowledge
　　(D) expansion
　　26. The word "assumption" in line 19 is
　　closest in meaning to
　　(A) regulation
　　(B) belief
　　(C) contract
　　(D) confusion
　　27. Why does the author mention
　　"consultants" in line 24 ?
　　(A) To show how new areas of science
　　have given rise to new professions
　　(B) To distinguish between scientists
　　who work in industry and those who
　　do not
　　(C) To explain the ways in which
　　scientists find financial support for
　　their work
　　(D) To show how scientists who work in
　　basic research contribute to applied
　　science
　　28. Which of the following statements does
　　the passage support?
　　(A) The development of science and of
　　industry is now interdependent.
　　(B) Basic scientific research cannot
　　generate practical applications.
　　(C) Industries should spend less money
　　on research and development.
　　(D) Science and technology are
　　becoming more separate.
　　Questions 29-39
　　The economic depression in the late-nineteenth-century United States contributed
　　significantly to a growing movement in literature toward realism and naturalism. After the
　　1870' s, a number of important authors began to reject the romanticism that had prevailed
　　Line immediately following the Civil War of 1861-1865 and turned instead to realism.
　　(5) Determined to portray life as it was, with fidelity to real life and accurate representation
　　without idealization, they studied local dialects, wrote stories which focused on life in
　　specific regions of the country, and emphasized the "true" relationships between people. In
　　doing so, they reflected broader trends in the society, such as industrialization,
　　evolutionary theory which emphasized the effect of the environment on humans, and the
　　(10) influence of science.
　　Realists such as Joel Chandler Harris and Ellen Glasgow depicted life in the South;
　　Hamlin Garland described life on the Great Plains; and Sarah One Jewett wrote about
　　everyday life in rural New England. Another realist, Bret Harte, achieved fame with stories
　　that portrayed local life in the California mining camps.
　　(15) Samuel Clemens, who adopted the pen name Mark Twain, became the country's most
　　outstanding realist author, observing life around him with a humorous and skeptical eye. In
　　his stories and novels, Twain drew on his own experiences and used dialect and common
　　speech instead of literary language, touching off a major change in American prose style.
　　Other writers became impatient even with realism. Pushing evolutionary theory to its
　　(20) limits, they wrote of a world in which a cruel and merciless environment determined
　　human fate. These writers, called naturalists, often focused on economic hardship,
　　studying people struggling with poverty, and other aspects of urban and industrial life.
　　Naturalists brought to their writing a passion for direct and honest experience.
　　Theodore Dreiser, the foremost naturalist writer, in novels such as Sister Carrie, grimly
　　(25) portrayed a dark world in which human beings were tossed about by forces beyond their
　　understanding or control. Dreiser thought that writers should tell the truth about human
　　affairs, not fabricate romance, and Sister Carrie, he said, was "not intended as a piece of
　　literary craftsmanship, but was a picture of conditions."
　　29. Which aspect of late-nineteenth-century
　　United States literature does the passage
　　mainly discuss?
　　(A) The influence of science on
　　literature
　　(B) The importance of dialects for realist
　　writers
　　(C) The emergence of realism and
　　naturalism
　　(D) The effects of industrialization on
　　romanticism
　　30. The word "prevailed" in line 3 is closest
　　in meaning to
　　(A) dominated
　　(B) transformed
　　(C) entered
　　(D) generalized
　　31. The word "they" in line 8 refers to
　　(A) authors
　　(B) dialects
　　(C) stories
　　(D) relationships
　　32. According to the passage, a highly
　　significant factor in the development of
　　realist and naturalist literature was
　　(A) the Civil War
　　(B) a recognition that romanticism was
　　unpopular
　　(C) an increased interest in the study of
　　common speech
　　(D) an economic depression
　　33. Realist writers took an interest in all of
　　the following EXCEPT
　　(A) human relationships
　　(B) characteristics of different regions
　　(C) the idealization of life
　　(D) social and historical theories
　　34. The word "depicted" in line 11 is closest
　　in meaning to
　　(A) emphasized
　　(B) described
　　(C) criticized
　　(D) classified
　　35. Why does the author mention mining
　　camps in line 14 ?
　　(A) To contrast the themes of realist and
　　naturalist writers
　　(B) To illustrate how Bret Harte differed
　　from other authors
　　(C) As an example of a topic taken up
　　by realist writers
　　(D) As an example of how setting can
　　influence literary style
　　36. Which of the following wrote about life
　　in rural New England?
　　(A) Ellen Glasgow
　　(B) Sarah Orne Jewett
　　(C) Hamlin Garland
　　(D) Mark Twain
　　37. Mark Twain is considered an important
　　literary figure because he
　　(A) was the first realist writer in the
　　United States
　　(B) rejected romanticism as a literary
　　approach
　　(C) wrote humorous stories and novels
　　(D) influenced American prose style
　　through his use of common speech
　　38. The word "foremost" in line 24 is closest
　　in meaning to
　　(A) most difficult
　　(B) interesting
　　(C) most focused
　　(D) leading
　　39. Which of the following statements
　　about Theodore Dreiser is supported by
　　the passage?
　　(A) He mainly wrote about historical
　　subjects such as the Civil War.
　　(B) His novels often contained elements
　　of humor.
　　(C) He viewed himself more as a social
　　commentator than as a literary artist.
　　(D) He believed writers should
　　emphasize the positive aspects of
　　life.
　　Questions 40-50
　　In 1900 the United States had only three cities with more than a million residents-
　　New York, Chicago, and Philadelphia. By 1930, it had ten giant metropolises. The newer
　　ones experienced remarkable growth, which reflected basic changes in the economy.
　　Line The population of Los Angeles (114,000 in 1900) rose spectacularly in the early
　　(5) decades of the twentieth century, increasing a dramatic 1,400 percent from 1900 to 1930.
　　A number of circumstances contributed to the meteoric rise of Los Angeles. The
　　agricultural potential of the area was enormous if water for irrigation could be found, and
　　the city founders had the vision and dating to obtain it by constructing a 225-mile
　　aqueduct, completed in 1913, to tap the water of the Owens River. The city had a superb
　　(10) natural harbor, as well as excellent rail connections. The climate made it possible to shoot
　　motion pictures year-round; hence Hollywood. Hollywood not only supplied jobs; it
　　disseminated an image of the good life in Southern California on screens all across the
　　nation. The most important single industry powering the growth of Los Angeles, however,
　　was directly linked to the automobile. The demand for petroleum to fuel gasoline engines
　　(15) led to the opening of the Southern California oil fields, and made Los Angeles North
　　America's greatest refining center.
　　Los Angeles was a product of the auto age in another sense as well: its distinctive
　　spatial organization depended on widespread private ownership of automobiles. Los
　　Angeles was a decentralized metropolis, sprawling across the desert landscape over an
　　(20) area of 400 square miles. It was a city without a real center. The downtown business
　　district did not grow apace with the city as a whole, and the rapid transit system designed
　　to link the center with outlying areas withered away from disuse. Approximately 800,000
　　cars were registered in Los Angeles County in 1930, one per 2.7 residents. Some visitors
　　from the east coast were dismayed at the endless urban sprawl and dismissed Los
　　(25) Angeles as a mere collection of suburbs in search of a city. But the freedom and mobility
　　of a city built on wheels attracted floods of migrants to the city.
　　40. What is the passage mainly about?
　　(A) The growth of cities in the United
　　States in the early 1900's
　　(B) The development of the Southern
　　California oil fields
　　(C) Factors contributing to the growth of
　　Los Angeles
　　(D) Industry and city planning in Los
　　Angeles
　　41. The author characterizes the growth of
　　new large cities in the United States after
　　1900 as resulting primarily from
　　(A) new economic conditions
　　(B) images of cities shown in movies
　　(C) new agricultural techniques
　　(D) a large migrant population
　　42. The word "meteoric" in line 6 is closest
　　in meaning to
　　(A) rapid
　　(B) famous
　　(C) controversial
　　(D) methodical
　　43. The word "it" in line 8 refers to
　　(A) aqueduct
　　(B) vision
　　(C) water
　　(D) agricultural potential
　　44. According to the passage, the most
　　important factor in the development of
　　agriculture around Los Angeles was the
　　(A) influx of "new residents to
　　agricultural areas near the city
　　(B) construction of an aqueduct
　　(C) expansion of transportation facilities
　　(D) development of new connections to
　　the city's natural harbor
　　45. According to the passage, the initial
　　success of Hollywood' s motion picture
　　industry was due largely to the
　　(A) availability of many skilled workers
　　(B) beauty of the countryside
　　(C) region's reputation for luxurious
　　lifestyles
　　(D) region's climate and good weather
　　46. It can be inferred from the passage that in
　　1930 the greatest number of people in
　　the Los Angeles area were employed in
　　(A) farming
　　(B) oil refining
　　(C) automobile manufacturing
　　(D) the motion picture industry
　　47. According to the passage, the Southern
　　California oil fields were initially
　　exploited due to
　　(A) the fuel requirements of Los
　　Angeles' rail system
　　(B) an increase in the use of gasoline
　　engines in North America
　　(C) a desire to put unproductive desert
　　land to good use
　　(D) innovative planning on the part of
　　the city founders
　　48. The phrase "apace with" in line 21 is
　　closest in meaning to
　　(A) anew with
　　(B) apart from
　　(C) as fast as
　　(D) at the middle of
　　49. It can be inferred from the passage that
　　the spatial organization of Los Angeles
　　contributed to the relative decline there
　　of
　　(A) public transportation
　　(B) industrial areas
　　(C) suburban neighborhoods
　　(D) oil fields
　　50. The visitors from the east coast
　　mentioned in the passage thought that
　　Los Angeles
　　(A) was not accurately portrayed by
　　Hollywood images
　　(B) lacked good suburban areas in which
　　to live
　　(C) had an excessively large population
　　(D) was not really a single city