2000年10月TOEFL机经_第2页

　　34．There are about 350 species and subspecies of birds in danger of become extinct,
　　A B
　　with a large number of them, 117 in all, found on oceanic islands.
　　C D
　　35．The nineteenth-century romantic movement in art was partially a reaction to what
　　A B C
　　was perceived as overemphasis on reasonable and order in neoclassicism.
　　D
　　36．Like triglycerides, cholesterol is a type of fat that is both consumed in the diet but
　　A B C D
　　manufactured by the body.
　　37．Both the United States silver dollar and half-dollar, first minted in 1794, had a figure
　　A B C
　　of Liberty on one side and a eagle on the reverse side.
　　D
　　38．For an advertisement to be effective, its production and placement must to be based
　　A B C
　　on a knowledge of human nature and a skilled use of the media.
　　D
　　39．While photosynthesis in green plants, light energy is captured and used to convert
　　A B C
　　water, carbon dioxide, and minerals into oxygen and energy-rich organic compounds.
　　D
　　40．The Democratic Party, the most oldest existing political party in the United States,
　　A B
　　has played a vital role in the nation’s history.
　　C D
　　Section Three: Reading Comprehension
　　Questions 1-10
　　One area of paleoanthropological study involves the eating and dietary habits of hominids, erect
　　bipedal primates—including early humans. It is clear that at some stage of history, humans began
　　to carry their food to central places, called home bases, where it
　　Line was shared and consumed with the young and other adults. The use of home bases is a
　　(5) fundamental component of human social behavior; the common meal served at a common hearth is a powerful symbol, a mark of social unity. Home base behavior does not occur among nonhuman primates and is rare among mammals. It is unclear when humans began to use home bases, what kind of communications and social relations were involved, and what the ecological and food-choice contexts of the shift were. Work on early tools,
　　(10) surveys of paleoanthropological sites, development and testing of broad ecological
　　theories, and advances in comparative primatology are contributing to knowledge about this central chapter in human prehistory.
　　One innovative approach to these issues involves studying damage and wear on stone tools. Researchers make tools that replicate excavated specimens as closely as possible
　　(15) and then try to use them as the originals might have been used, in woodcutting, hunting, or cultivation. Depending on how the tool is used, characteristic chippage patterns and microscopically distinguishable polishes develop near the edges. The first application of this method of analysis to stone tools that are 1.5 million to 2 million years old indicates that, from the start, an important function of early stone tools was to extract highly
　　(20) nutritious food—meat and marrow-from large animal carcasses. Fossil bones with cut marks caused by stone tools have been discovered lying in the same 2-million-year-old layers that yielded the oldest such tools and the oldest hominid specimens (including humans) with larger than ape-sized brains. This discovery increases scientists' certainty about when human ancestors began to eat more meat than present-day nonhuman
　　(25) primates. But several questions remain unanswered: how frequently meat eating occurred; what the social implications of meat eating were; and whether the increased use of meat coincides with the beginnings of the use of home bases.
　　1. The passage mainly discusses which of
　　the following aspects of hominid
　　behavior?
　　(A) Changes in eating and dietary
　　practices (B) The creation of stone hunting tools
　　(C) Social interactions at home bases
　　(D) Methods of extracting nutritious food
　　from carcasses
　　2. According to the passage, bringing a meal
　　to a location to be shared by many
　　individuals is
　　(A) an activity typical of nonhuman
　　primates
　　(B) a common practice among animals
　　that eat meat
　　(C) an indication of social unity .
　　(D) a behavior that encourages better
　　dietary habits
　　3. The word "consumed" in line 4 is closest
　　in meaning to
　　(A) prepared
　　(B) stored
　　(C) distributed
　　(D) eaten
　　4. According to paragraph 2, researchers
　　make copies of old stone tools in order to
　　(A) protect the old tools from being worn
　　out
　　(B) display examples of the old tools in
　　museums
　　(C) test theories about how old tools were
　　used
　　(D) learn how to improve the design of
　　modern tools
　　5. In paragraph 2, the author mentions all of
　　the following as examples of ways in
　　which early stone tools were used
　　EXCEPT to
　　(A) build home bases
　　(B) obtain food
　　(C) make weapons
　　(D) shape wood
　　6. The word "innovative" in line 13 is closest
　　in meaning to
　　(A) good
　　(B) new
　　(C) simple
　　(D) costly
　　7. The word "them" in line 15 refers to
　　(A) issues
　　(B) researchers
　　(C) tools
　　(D) specimens
　　8. The author mentions "characteristic
　　chippage patterns" in line 16 as an
　　example of
　　(A) decorations cut into wooden objects
　　(B) differences among tools made of
　　various substances
　　(C) impressions left on prehistoric animal
　　bones
　　(D) indications of wear on stone tools
　　9. The word "extract" in line 19 is closest in
　　meaning to
　　(A) identify
　　(B) remove
　　(C) destroy
　　(D) compare
　　10. The word "whether" in line 26 is closest
　　in meaning to
　　(A) if
　　(B) how
　　(C) why
　　(D) when
　　Questions 11-20
　　In seventeenth-century colonial North America, all day-to-day cooking was done in the
　　fireplace. Generally large, fireplaces were planned for cooking as well as for warmth. Those in
　　the Northeast were usually four or five feet high, and in the South, they were
　　Line often high enough for a person to walk into. A heavy timber called the mantel tree was
　　(5) used as a lintel to support the stonework above the fireplace opening. This timber might be scorched occasionally, but it was far enough in front of the rising column of heat to be safe from catching fire.
　　Two ledges were built across from each other on the inside of the chimney. On these rested the ends of a "lug pole" from which pots were suspended when cooking. Wood
　　(10) from a freshly cut tree was used for the lug pole, so it would resist heat, but it had to be replaced frequently because it dried out and charred, and was thus weakened. Sometimes the pole broke and the dinner fell into the fire. When iron became easier to obtain, it was used instead of wood for lug poles, and later fireplaces had pivoting metal rods to hang pots from.
　　(15) Beside the fireplace and built as part of it was the oven. It was made like a small,
　　secondary fireplace with a flue leading into the main chimney to draw out smoke. Sometimes the door of the oven faced the room, but most ovens were built with the opening facing into the fireplace. On baking days (usually once or twice a week) a roaring fire of "oven wood," consisting of brown maple sticks, was maintained in the oven until its
　　(20) walls were extremely hot. The embers were later removed, bread dough was put into the oven, and the oven was sealed shut until the bread was fully baked.
　　Not ai! baking was done in a big oven, however. Also used was an iron "bake kettle," which looked like a stewpot on legs and which had an iron lid. This is said to have worked well when it was placed in the fireplace, surrounded by glowing wood embers, with more
　　(25) embers piled on its lid.
　　11. Which of the following aspects of
　　domestic life in colonial North America
　　does the passage mainly discuss?
　　(A) Methods of baking bread
　　(B) Fireplace cooking
　　(C) The use of iron kettles in a typical
　　kitchen
　　(D) The types of wood used in preparing
　　meals
　　12. The author mentions the fireplaces built
　　in the South to illustrate
　　(A) how the materials used were similar
　　to the materials used in northeastern
　　fireplaces
　　(B) that they served diverse functions
　　(C) that they were usually larger than
　　northeastern fireplaces
　　(D) how they were safer than
　　northeastern fireplaces
　　13. The word "scorched" in line 6 is closest
　　in meaning to
　　(A) burned
　　(B) cut
　　(C) enlarged
　　(D)bent
　　14. The word "it" in line 6 refers to
　　(A) the stonework
　　(B) the fireplace opening
　　(C) the mantel tree
　　(D) the rising column of heat
　　15. According to the passage, how was food
　　usually cooked in a pot in the
　　seventeenth century?
　　(A) By placing the pot directly into the
　　fire
　　(B) By putting the pot in the oven
　　(C) By filling the pot with hot water
　　(D) By hanging the pot on a pole over
　　the fire
　　16. The word "obtain" in line 12 is closest in
　　meaning to
　　(A) maintain
　　(B) reinforce
　　(C) manufacture
　　(D) acquire
　　17. Which of the following is mentioned in
　　paragraph 2 as a disadvantage of using a
　　wooden lug pole?
　　(A) It was made of wood not readily
　　available.
　　(B) It was difficult to move or rotate.
　　(C) It occasionally broke.
　　(D) It became too hot to touch.
　　18. It can be inferred from paragraph 3 that,
　　compared to other firewood, "oven
　　wood" produced
　　(A) less smoke
　　(B) more heat
　　(C) fewer embers
　　(D) lower flames
　　19. According to paragraph 3, all of the
　　following were true of a colonial oven
　　EXCEPT:
　　(A) It was used to heat the kitchen every
　　day.
　　(B) It was built as part of the main
　　fireplace.
　　(C) The smoke it generated went out
　　through the main chimney.
　　(D) It was heated with maple sticks.
　　20. According to the passage, which of
　　the following was an advantage of a
　　"bake kettle"?
　　(A) It did not take up a lot of space in the fireplace.
　　(B) It did not need to be tightly closed.
　　(C) It could be used in addition to or
　　instead of the oven.
　　(D) It could be used to cook several
　　foods at one time.
　　Questions 21-29
　　Butterflies are among the most extensively studied insects—an estimated 90 percent of the
　　world's species have scientific names. As a consequence, they are perhaps the best group of
　　insects for examining patterns of terrestrial biotic diversity and distribution. Butterflies also
　　have a favorable image with the general public. Hence, they are an excellent group for
　　(5) communicating information on science and conservation issues such as diversity.
　　Perhaps the aspect of butterfly diversity that has received the most attention over the past
　　century is the striking difference in species richness between tropical and temperate regions.
　　For example, in 1875 one biologist pointed out the diversity of butterflies in the Amazon when
　　he mentioned that about 700 species were found within an hour's walk, whereas the total
　　(10) number found on the British islands did not exceed 66, and the whole of Europe supported only
　　321. This early comparison of tropical and temperate butterfly richness has been well
　　confirmed.
　　A general theory of diversity would have to predict not only this difference between
　　temperate and tropical zones, but also patterns within each region, and how these patterns vary
　　(15) among different animal and plant groups. However, for butterflies, variation of species richness
　　within temperate or tropical regions, rather man between them, is poorly understood. Indeed,
　　comparisons of numbers of species among the Amazon basin, tropical Asia, and Africa are still
　　mostly "personal communication" citations, even for vertebrates, In other words, unlike
　　comparison between temperate and tropical areas, these patterns are still in the documentation
　　(20)phase.
　　In documenting geographical variation in butterfly diversity, some arbitrary, practical
　　decisions are made. Diversity, number of species, and species richness are used synonymously;
　　little is known about the evenness of butterfly distribution. The New World butterflies make
　　up the preponderance of examples because they are the most familiar species. It is hoped that
　　(25) by focusing on them, the errors generated by imperfect and incomplete taxonomy will be
　　minimized.
　　21. Which aspect of butterflies does the
　　passage mainly discuss?
　　(A) Their physical characteristics
　　(B) Their names
　　(C) Their adaptation to different habitats
　　(D) Their variety
　　22. The word "consequence" in line 2 is
　　closest in meaning to
　　(A) result
　　(B) explanation
　　(C) analysis
　　(D) requirement
　　23. Butterflies are a good example for
　　communicating information about
　　conservation issues because they
　　(A) are simple in structure
　　(B) are viewed positively by people
　　(C) have been given scientific names
　　(D) are found mainly in temperate
　　climates
　　24. The word "striking" in line 7 is closest in
　　meaning to
　　(A) physical
　　(B) confusing
　　(C) noticeable
　　(D) successful
　　25. The word "exceed" in line 10 is closest
　　in meaning to
　　(A) locate
　　(B) allow
　　(C) go beyond
　　(D) come close to
　　26. All of the following are mentioned as
　　being important parts of a general theory
　　of diversity EXCEPT
　　(A) differences between temperate and
　　tropical zones
　　(B) patterns of distribution of species in
　　each region
　　(C) migration among temperate and
　　tropical zones
　　(D) variation of patterns of distribution
　　of species among different animals
　　and plants
　　27. The author mentions tropical Asia in
　　lines 17-18 as an example of a location
　　where
　　(A) butterfly behavior varies with
　　climate
　　(B) a general theory of butterfly
　　diversity has not yet been firmly
　　established
　　(C) butterflies are affected by human
　　populations
　　(D) documenting plant species is more
　　difficult than documenting butterfly
　　species
　　28. Which of the following is NOT well
　　understood by biologists?
　　(A) European butterfly habitats
　　(B) Differences in species richness
　　between temperate and tropical
　　regions
　　(C) Differences in species richness
　　within a temperate or a tropical
　　region
　　(D) Comparisons of behavior patterns of
　　butterflies and certain animal groups
　　29. The word "generated" in line 25 is
　　closest in meaning to
　　(A) requested
　　(B) caused
　　(C) assisted
　　(D) estimated
　　Questions 30-40
　　According to anthropologists, people in preindustrial societies spent 3 to 4 hours per day or about 20 hours per week doing the work necessary for life. Modern comparisons of the amount of work performed per week, however, begin with the Industrial Revolution
　　Line (1760-1840) when 10- to 12-hour workdays with six workdays per week were the norm.
　　(5) Even with extensive time devoted to work, however, both incomes and standards of living were low. As incomes rose near the end of the Industrial Revolution, it became increasingly common to treat Saturday afternoons as a half-day holiday. The half holiday had become standard practice in Britain by the 1870's, but did not become common in the United States until the 1920's.
　　(10) In the United States, the first third of the twentieth century saw the workweek move
　　from 60 hours per week to just under 50 hours by the start of the 1930' s. In 1914 Henry Ford reduced daily work hours at his automobile plants from 9 to 8. In 1926 he announced that henceforth his factories would close for the entire day on Saturday. At the time, Ford received criticism from other firms such as United States Steel and Westinghouse, but the
　　(15) idea was popular with workers.
　　The Depression years of the 1930's brought with them the notion of job sharing to spread available work around; the workweek dropped to a modem low for the United States of 35 hours. In 1938 the Fair Labor Standards Act mandated a weekly maximum of 40 hours to begin in 1940, and since that time the 8-hour day, 5-day workweek has been the standard in
　　(20) the United States. Adjustments in various places, however, show that this standard is not
　　immutable. In 1987, for example, German metalworkers struck for and received a 37.5-hour workweek; and in 1990 many workers in Britain won a 37-hour week. Since 1989, the Japanese government has moved from a 6- to a 5-day workweek and has set a national target of 1,800 work hours per year for the average worker. The average amount of work
　　(25) per year in Japan in 1989 was 2,088 hours per worker, compared to 1,957 for the United States and 1,646 for France.
　　30. What does the passage mainly discuss?
　　(A) Why people in preindustrial
　　societies worked few hours per week
　　(B) Changes that have occurred in the number of hours that people work per week
　　(C) A comparison of the number of hours worked per year in several industries
　　(D) Working conditions during the
　　Industrial Revolution
　　31. Compared to preiudustrial times, the
　　number of hours in the workweek in the nineteenth century
　　(A) remained constant
　　(B) decreased slightly
　　(C) decreased significantly
　　(D) increased significantly
　　32. The word "norm" in line 4 is closest in meaning to
　　(A) minimum.
　　(B) example
　　(C) possibility
　　(D) standard
　　33. The word "henceforth" in line 13 is closest in meaning to
　　(A) in the end
　　(B) for a brief period
　　(C) from that time on
　　(D) on occasion
　　34. The "idea" mentioned in line 15 refers to
　　(A) the 60-hour workweek
　　(B) the reduction in the cost of
　　automobiles
　　(C) the reduction in the workweek at
　　some automobile factories
　　(D) the criticism of Ford by United States Steel and Westinghouse
　　35. What is one reason for the change in the
　　length of the workweek for the average
　　worker in the United States during the
　　1930's?
　　(A) Several people sometimes shared a
　　single job.
　　(B) Labor strikes in several countries
　　influenced labor policy in the
　　United States.
　　(C) Several corporations increased the
　　length of the workweek.
　　(D) The United States government
　　instituted a 35-hour workweek.
　　36. Which of the following is mentioned as
　　one of the purposes of the Fair Labor
　　Standards Act of 1938 ?
　　(A) To discourage workers from asking
　　fof increased wages
　　(B) To establish a limit on the number of
　　hours in the workweek
　　(C) To allow employers to set the length
　　of the workweek for their workers
　　(D) To restrict trade with countries that
　　had a long workweek
　　37. The word "mandated" in line 18 is
　　closest in meaning to
　　(A) required
　　(B) recommended
　　(C) eliminated
　　(D) considered
　　38. The word "immutable" in line 21 is
　　closest in meaning to
　　(A) unmatched
　　(B) irregular
　　(C) unnecessary
　　(D) unchangeable
　　39. Which of the following is NOT
　　mentioned as evidence that the length of
　　the workweek has been declining since
　　the nineteenth century?
　　(A) The half-day holiday (line 7)
　　(B) Henry Ford (lines 11-12)
　　(C) United States Steel and
　　Westinghouse (line 14)
　　(D) German metalworkers (line 21)
　　40. According to the passage, one goal of the
　　Japanese government is to reduce the
　　average annual amount of work to
　　(A) 1,646 hours
　　(B) 1,800 hours
　　(C) 1,957 hours
　　(D) 2,088 hours
　　Questions 41-50
　　The Arts and Crafts Movement in the United States was responsible for sweeping changes in attitudes toward the decorative arts, then considered the minor or household arts. Its focus on decorative arts helped to induce United Slates museums and private
　　Line collectors to begin collecting furniture, glass, ceramics, metalwork, and textiles in the
　　(5) late nineteenth and early twentieth centuries. The fact that artisans, who were looked on as mechanics or skilled workers in the eighteenth century, are frequently considered artists today is directly attributable to the Arts and Crafts Movement of the nineteenth century. The importance now placed on attractive and harmonious home decoration can also be traced to this period, when Victorian interior arrangements were revised to
　　(10) admit greater light and more freely flowing spaces.
　　The Arts and Crafts Movement reacted against mechanized processes that threatened handcrafts and resulted in cheapened, monotonous merchandise. Founded in the late nineteenth century by British social critics John Ruskin and William Morris, the movement revered craft as a form of art. In a rapidly industrializing society, most
　　(15) Victorians agreed that art was an essential moral ingredient in the home environment, and in many middle- and working-class homes craft was the only form of art, Ruskin and his followers criticized not only the degradation of artisans reduced to machine operators, but also the impending loss of daily contact with handcrafted objects, fashioned with pride, integrity, and attention to beauty.
　　(20) In the United States as well as in Great Britain, reformers extolled the virtues of
　　handcrafted objects: simple, straightforward design; solid materials of good quality; and sound, enduring construction techniques. These criteria were interpreted in a variety of styles, ranging from rational and geometric to romantic or naturalistic. Whether abstract, stylized, or realistically treated, the consistent theme in virtually all Arts and Crafts
　　(25) design is nature.
　　The Arts and Crafts Movement was much more than a particular style; it was a philosophy of domestic life. Proponents believed that if simple design, high-quality materials, and honest construction were realized in the home and its appointments, then the occupants would enjoy moral and therapeutic effects. For both artisan and consumer,
　　(30) the Arts and Crafts doctrine was seen as a magical force against the undesirable effects of industrialization.
　　41. The passage primarily focuses on nineteenth-century arts and crafts in terms of which of the following?
　　(A) Their naturalistic themes
　　(B) Their importance in museum
　　collections
　　(C) Their British origin
　　(D) Their role in an industrialized
　　society
　　42. According to the passage, before the nineteenth century, artisans were thought to be
　　(A) defenders of moral standards
　　(B) creators of cheap merchandise
　　(C) skilled workers
　　(D) artists
　　43. It can be inferred from the passage that
　　the Arts and Crafts Movement would
　　have considered ail of the following to
　　be artists EXCEPT
　　(A) creators of textile designs
　　(B) people who produce handmade glass
　　objects
　　(C) operators of machines that
　　automatically cut legs, for furniture
　　(D) metalworkers who create unique
　　pieces of jewelry
　　44. The word "revered" in line 14 is closest
　　in meaning to
　　(A) respected
　　(B) described
　　(C) avoided
　　(D) created
　　45. According to paragraph 2, the
　　handcrafted objects in the homes of
　　middle- and working-class families
　　usually were
　　(A) made by members of the family
　　(B) the least expensive objects in their
　　homes
　　(C) regarded as being morally uplifting
　　(D) thought to symbolize progress
　　46. The word "extolled" in line 20 is closest
　　in meaning to
　　(A) exposed
　　(B) praised
　　(C) believed
　　(D) accepted
　　47. The author mentions all of the following
　　as attributes of handcrafted objects
　　EXCEPT
　　(A) the pride with which they were
　　crafted
　　(B) the complexity of their design
　　(C) the long time that they lasted
　　(D) the quality of their materials
　　48. The word "consistent" in line 24 is
　　closest in meaning to
　　(A) conservative
　　(B) considerable
　　(C) constant
　　(D) concrete
　　49. According to the passage, which of the
　　following changes occurred at the same
　　time as the Arts and Crafts Movement?
　　(A) The creation of brighter and more
　　airy spaces inside homes
　　(B) The rejection of art that depicted
　　nature in a realistic manner
　　(C) A decline of interest in art museum
　　collections
　　(D) An increase in the buying of
　　imported art objects
　　50. Which of the following statements is
　　supported by the passage?
　　(A) Private collectors in the nineteenth
　　century concentrated on acquiring
　　paintings.
　　(B) The Arts and Crafts Movement in
　　the United States, unlike the one in
　　Britain, did not react strongly
　　against mechanized processes.
　　(C) Handcrafted objects in the United
　　States and Britain in the nineteenth
　　century did not use geometric
　　designs.
　　(D) The Arts and Crafts Movement
　　believed in the beneficial effect for
　　people from being surrounded by
　　beautiful objects.