2000年1月TOEFL机经_第2页

　　9. What does the author mean by stating in line 17 that "economic development was on the
　　merchants' side "?
　　(A) Merchants had a strong impact on
　　economic expansion.
　　(B) Economic forces allowed merchants to
　　prosper.
　　(C) Merchants had to work together to
　　achieve economic independence
　　(D) Specialty shops near large markets were
　　more likely to be economically
　　successful.
　　10. The word "undergoing" in line 22 is closest in meaning to
　　(A) requesting
　　(B) experiencing
　　(C) repeating
　　(D) including
　　Questions 11-22
　　Avicolturists, people who raise birds for commercial sale, have not yet learned
　　how to simulate the natural incubation of parrot eggs in the wild. They continue
　　to look for better ways to increase egg production and to improve chick survival rates.
　　line When parrots incubate their eggs in the wild, the temperature and humidity of the
　　(5) nest are controlled naturally. Heat is transferred from the bird's skin to the top portion
　　of the eggshell, leaving the sides and bottom of the egg at a cooler temperature. This
　　temperature gradient may be vital to successful hatching. Nest construction can
　　contribute to this temperature gradient Nests of loosely arranged sticks, rocks, or dirt
　　are cooler in temperature at the bottom where the egg contacts the nesting material.
　　(10) Such nests also act as humidity regulators by allowing rain to drain into the bottom
　　sections of the nest so that the eggs are not in direct contact with the water. As the
　　water that collects in the bottom of the nest evaporates, the water vapor rises and is
　　heated by the incubating bird, which adds significant humidity to the incubation
　　environment
　　(15) In artificial incubation programs, aviculturists remove eggs from the nests of parrots
　　and incubate them under laboratory conditions. Most commercial incubators heat the
　　eggs fairly evenly from top to bottom, thus ignoring the bird's method of natural
　　incubation, and perhaps reducing the viability and survivability of the hatching chicks.
　　When incubators are not used, aviculturists sometimes suspend wooden boxes outdoors
　　(20) to use as nests in which to place eggs. In areas where weather can become cold after
　　eggs are laid, it is very important to maintain a deep foundation of nesting material to
　　act as insulator against the cold bottom of the box. If eggs rest against the wooden
　　bottom in extremely cold weather conditions, they can become chilled to a point where
　　the embryo can no longer survive. Similarly, these boxes should be protected from
　　(25) direct sunlight to avoid high temperatures that are also fatal to the growing embryo.
　　Nesting material should be added in sufficient amounts to avoid both extreme
　　temperature situations mentioned above and assure that the eggs have a soft, secure
　　place to rest.
　　11. What is the main idea of the passage?
　　(A) Nesting material varies according to the
　　parrots' environment.
　　(B) Humidity is an important factor in
　　incubating parrots' eggs.
　　(C) Aviculturists have constructed the ideal
　　nest box for parrots.
　　(D) Wild parrots' nests provide information
　　useful for artificial incubation.
　　12. The word "They" in line 2 refers to
　　(A) aviculturists
　　(B)birds
　　(C)eggs
　　(D) rates
　　13. According to paragraph 2, when the
　　temperature of the sides and bottom of the egg
　　are cooler than the top, then
　　(A) there may be a good chance for
　　successful incubation
　　(B) the embryo will not develop normally
　　(C) the incubating parent moves the egg to
　　a new position.
　　(D) the incubation process is slowed down
　　14. According to paragraph 2, sticks, rocks, or dirt are used to
　　(A) soften the bottom of the nest for the newly
　　hatched chick
　　(B) hold the nest together
　　(C) help lower the temperature at the bottom of
　　the nest
　　(D) make the nest bigger
　　15. According to paragraph 2, the construction of the nest allows water to
　　(A) provide a beneficial source of humidity
　　in the nest
　　(B) loosen the materials at the bottom of the
　　nest
　　(C) keep the nest in a clean condition
　　(D) touch the bottom of the eggs
　　16. All of the following are part of a parrot's
　　incubation method EXCEPT
　　(A) heating the water vapor as it rises from the
　　bottom of the nest
　　(B) arranging nesting material at the bottom of
　　the nest
　　(C) transferring heat from the parent to the top
　　of the eggshell
　　(D) maintaining a constant temperature on the
　　eggshell
　　17. The word "suspend" in line 19 is closest in
　　meaning to
　　(A) build
　　(B) paint
　　(C)hang
　　(D) move
　　18. The word "fatal" in line 25 is closest in
　　meaning to
　　(A) close
　　(B) deadly
　　(C) natural
　　(D) hot
　　19. The word "secure" in line 27 is closest in
　　meaning to
　　(A) fiesh
　　(B)diy
　　(C)safe
　　(D)warm
　　20. According to paragraph 3, a deep foundation of nesting material provides
　　(A) a constant source of humidity
　　(B) a strong nest box
　　(C) more room for newly hatched chicks
　　(D) protection against cold weather
　　21. Which of the following is a problem with
　　commercial incubators?
　　(A) They lack the natural temperature changes
　　of the outdoors.
　　(B) They are unable to heat the eggs evenly
　　(C) They do not transfer heat to the egg in the
　　same way the parent bird does.
　　(D) They are expensive to operate.
　　22. Which of the following terms is defined in thepassage?
　　(A) Aviculturists (line I)
　　(B) Gradient (line 8)
　　(C) Incubation (line 15)
　　(D) Embryo (line 24)
　　Questions 23-33
　　The mineral particles found in soil range in size from microscopic clay particles
　　to large boulders. The most abundant particles—sand, silt, and clay—are the focus
　　of examination in studies of soil texture. Texture is the term used to describe the
　　line composite sizes of particles in a soil sample, typically several representative handfuls.
　　(5) To measure soil texture, the sand, silt, and clay particles are sorted out by size and
　　weight. The weights of each size are then expressed as a percentage of the sample
　　weight.
　　In the field, soil texture can be estimated by extracting a handful of sod and
　　squeezing the damp soil into three basic shapes; (1) cast, a lump formed by squeezing
　　(10) a sample in a clenched fist; (2) thread, a pencil shape formed by rolling soil between
　　the palms; and (3) ribbon, a flatfish shape formed by squeezing a small sample between
　　the thumb and index finger. The behavioral characteristics of the soil when molded into
　　each of these shapes, if they can be formed at all, provides the basis for a general
　　textural classification. The behavior of the soil in the hand test is determined by the
　　(15) amount of clay in the sample. Clay particles are highly cohesive, and when dampened,
　　behave as a plastic. Therefore the higher the clay content in a sample, the more refined
　　and durable the shapes into which it can be molded.
　　Another method of determining soil texture involves the use of devices called
　　sediment sieves, screens built with a specified mesh size. When the soil is filtered
　　(20) through a group of sieves, each with a different mesh size, the particles become
　　grouped in corresponding size categories. Each category can be weighed to make a
　　textural determination. Although sieves work well for silt, sand, and larger particles,
　　they are not appropriate for clay particles. Clay is far too small to sieve accurately;
　　therefore, in soils with a high proportion of clay, the fine particles are measured on the
　　(25) basis of their settling velocity when suspended in water .Since clays settle so slowly,
　　they are easily segregated from sand and silt. The water can be drawn off and
　　evaporated, leaving a residue of clay, which can be weighed.
　　23. What does the passage mainly discuss?
　　(A) Characteristics of high quality soil
　　(B) Particles typically found in most soils
　　(C) How a high clay content affects the
　　texture of soil
　　(D) Ways to determine the texture of soil
　　24. The author mentions "several representative
　　handrals" in line 4 in order to show
　　(A) the range of soil samples
　　(B) the process by which soil is weighed
　　(C) the requirements for an adequate soil
　　sample
　　(D) how small soil particles are
　　25. The phrase "sorted out" in line 5 is closest in
　　meaning to
　　(A) mixed
　　(B) replaced
　　(C) carried
　　(D) separated
　　26. It can be inferred mat the names of the three
　　basic shapes mentioned in paragraph 2 reflect
　　(A) the way the soil is extracted
　　(B) the results of squeezing the soil
　　(C) the need to check more than one
　　handful
　　(D) the difficulty of forming different
　　shapes
　　27. The word "dampened" in line 15 is closest in
　　meaning to
　　(A) damaged
　　(B) stretched
　　(C) moistened
　　(D) examined
　　28. Which of the following can be inferred from
　　the passage about a soil sample with little or
　　no clay in it?
　　(A) It is not very heavy.
　　(B) It may not hold its shape when molded.
　　(C) Its shape is durable
　　(D) Its texture cannot be classified
　　29. The word "they" in line 23 refers to
　　(A) categories
　　(B) sieves
　　(C) larger particles
　　(D) clay particles
　　30. It can be inferred from the passage that the
　　sediment sieve has an advantage over the hand
　　test in determining soil texture because
　　(A) using the sieve takes less time
　　(B) the sieve can measure clay
　　(C) less training is required to use the sieve
　　(D) the sieve allows for a more exact
　　measure
　　31. During the procedure described in paragraph
　　3, when clay particles are placed into water
　　they
　　(A) stick to the sides of the water container
　　(B) take some time to sink to the bottom
　　(C) separate into different sizes
　　(D) dissolve quickly
　　32. The word "fine" in line 24 is closest in
　　meaning to
　　(A) tiny
　　(B) many
　　(C) excellent
　　(D) various
　　33. All of the following words are defined in the
　　passage EXCEPT
　　(A) texture (line 3)
　　(B) ribbon (line 11)
　　(C) sediment sieves (line 19)
　　(D) evaporated (line 27)
　　Questions 34-43
　　A number of factors related to the voice reveal the personality of the speaker.
　　The first is the broad area of communication, which includes imparting information
　　by use of language, communicating with a group or an individual, and specialized
　　line communication through performance. A person conveys thoughts and ideas through
　　(5) choice of words, by a tone of voice that is pleasant or unpleasant, gentle or harsh, by
　　the rhythm that is inherent within the language itself, and by speech rhythms that are
　　flowing and regular or uneven and hesitant, and finally, by the pitch and melody of the
　　utterance. When speaking before a group, a person's tone may indicate unsureness or
　　fright, confidence or calm. At interpersonal levels, the tone may reflect ideas and
　　(10) feelings over and above the words chosen, or may belie them. Here the conversant's
　　tone can consciously or unconsciously reflect intuitive sympathy or antipathy, lack of
　　concern or interest, fatigue, anxiety, enthusiasm or excitement, all of which are .usually
　　discernible by the acute listener. Public performance is a manner of communication
　　that is highly specialized with its own techniques for obtaining effects by voice and /or
　　(15) gesture. The motivation derived from the text, and in the case of singing, the music, in
　　combination with the performer's skills, personality, and ability to create empathy will
　　determine the success of artistic, political, or pedagogic communication.
　　Second, the voice gives psychological clues to a person's self-image, perception of
　　others, and emotional health. Self-image can be indicated by a tone of voice that is
　　(20) confident, pretentious, shy, aggressive, outgoing, or exuberant, to name only a few
　　personality traits. Also the sound may give a clue to the facade or mask of that person,
　　for example, a shy person hiding behind an overconfident front. How a speaker
　　perceives the listener's receptiveness, interest, or sympathy in any given conversation
　　can drastically alter the tone of presentation, by encouraging or discouraging the
　　(25) speaker. Emotional health is evidenced in the voice by free and melodic sounds of the
　　happy, by constricted and harsh sound of the angry, and by dull and lethargic qualities
　　of the depressed
　　34. What does the passage mainly discuss?
　　(A) The function of the voice in performance
　　(B) The connection between voice and
　　personality
　　(C) Communication styles
　　(D) The production of speech
　　35. What does the author mean by staring that, "At interpersonal levels, tone may reflect ideas and feelings over and above the words chosen"
　　(lines 9-10)?
　　(A) Feelings are expressed with different words
　　than ideas are.
　　(B) The tone of voice can cany information
　　beyond the meaning of words.
　　(C) A high tone of voice reflects an emotional
　　communication.
　　(D) Feelings are more difficult to express than
　　ideas.
　　36. The word "Here" in line 10 refers to
　　(A) interpersonal interactions
　　(B) the tone
　　(C) ideas and feelings
　　(D) words chosen
　　37. The word "derived" in line 15 is closest in
　　meaning to
　　(A) discussed
　　(B) prepared
　　(C) registered
　　(D) obtained
　　38. Why does the author mention "artistic,
　　political, or pedagogic communication" in line
　　17?
　　(A) As examples of public performance
　　(B) As examples of basic styles of
　　communication
　　(C) To contrast them to singing
　　(D) To introduce the idea of self-image
　　39. According to the passage, an exuberant tone of voice, may be an indication of a person's
　　(A) general physical health
　　(B) personality
　　(C) ability to communicate
　　(D) vocal quality
　　40. According to the passage, an overconfident
　　front may hide
　　(A) hostility
　　(B) shyness
　　(C) friendliness
　　(D) strength
　　41. The word "drastically" in line 24 is closest in
　　meaning to
　　(A) frequently
　　(B) exactly
　　(C) severely
　　(D) easily
　　42. The word "evidenced" in line 25 is closest in
　　meaning to
　　(A) questioned
　　(B) repeated
　　(C) indicated
　　(D) exaggerated
　　43. According to the passage, what does a
　　constricted and harsh voice indicate?
　　(A) Lethargy
　　(B) Depression
　　(C) Boredom
　　(D) Anger
　　Questions 44-50
　　As the twentieth century began, the importance of formal education in the United
　　States increased The frontier had mostly disappeared and by 1910 most Americans
　　lived in towns and cities. Industrialization and the bureaucratization of economic
　　line life combined with a new emphasis upon credentials and expertise to make schooling
　　(5) increasingly important for economic and social mobility. Increasingly, too, schools
　　were viewed as the most important means of integrating immigrants into American
　　society.
　　The arrival of a great wave of southern and eastern European immigrants at the turn
　　of the century coincided with and contributed to an enormous expansion of formal
　　(10) schooling. By 1920 schooling to age fourteen or beyond was compulsory in most
　　states, and the school year was greatly lengthened. Kindergartens, vacation schools,
　　extracurricular activities, and vocational education and counseling extended the
　　influence of public schools over the lives of students, many of whom in the larger
　　industrial cities were the children of immigrants. Classes for adult immigrants were
　　(15) sponsored by public schools, corporations, unions, churches, settlement houses, and
　　other agencies.
　　Reformers early in the twentieth century suggested that education programs should
　　suit the needs of specific populations. Immigrant women were one such population.
　　Schools tried to educate young women so they could occupy productive places in the
　　(20) urban industrial economy, and one place many educators considered appropriate for
　　women was the home.
　　Although looking after the house and family was familiar to immigrant women,
　　American education gave homemaking a new definition. In preindustrial economies,
　　homemaking had meant the production as well as the consumption of goods, and it
　　(25) commonly included income-producing activities both inside and outside the home,
　　in the highly industrialized early-twentieth-century United States, however,
　　overproduction rather than scarcity was becoming a problem. Thus, the ideal American
　　homemaker was viewed as a consumer rather than a producer. Schools trained women
　　to be consumer homemakers cooking, shopping, decorating, and caring for children
　　(30) "efficiently" in their own homes, or if economic necessity demanded, as employees
　　in the homes of others. Subsequent reforms have made these notions seem quite
　　out-of-date.
　　44. It can be inferred from paragraph 1 that one
　　important factor in the increasing importance
　　of education in the United States was
　　(A) the growing number of schools in frontier
　　communities
　　(B) an increase in the number of trained
　　teachers
　　(C) the expanding economic problems of
　　schools
　　(D) the increased urbanization of the entire
　　country
　　45. The word "means" in line 6 is closest in
　　meaning to
　　(A) advantages
　　(B) probability
　　(C) method
　　(D) qualifications
　　46. The phrase "coincided with" in line 9 is
　　closest in meaning to
　　(A) was influenced by
　　(B) happened at the same time as
　　(C) began to grow rapidly
　　(D) ensured the success of
　　47. According to the passage, one important
　　change in United States education by the
　　1920's was that
　　(A) most places required children to attend
　　school
　　(B) the amount of time spent on formal
　　education was limited
　　(C) new regulations were imposed on
　　nontraditional education
　　(D) adults and children studied in the same
　　classes
　　48. Vacation schools and extracurricular activities
　　are mentioned in lines 11-12 to illustrate
　　(A) alternatives to formal education
　　provided by public schools
　　(B) the importance of educational changes
　　(C) activities that competed to attract new
　　immigrants to their programs.
　　(D) the increased impact of public schools on
　　students.
　　49. According to the passage, early-twentiethcentury
　　education reformers believed that
　　(A) different groups needed different kinds of
　　education
　　(B) special programs should be set up in
　　frontier communities to modernize them
　　(C) corporations and other organizations
　　damaged educational progress
　　(D) more women should be involved in
　　education and industry
　　50. The word "it" in line 24 refers to
　　(A) consumption
　　(B) production
　　(C) homemaking
　　(D) education