2018年9月2日托福阅读机经精准预测

2018年9月2日托福阅读机经精准预测

　　Biological diversity has become widely recognized as a critical conservation issue only in the past two decades. The rapid destruction of the tropical rain forests, which are the ecosystems with the highest known species diversity on Earth, has awakened people to the importance and fragility of biological diversity. The high rate of species extinctions in these environments is jolting, but it is important to recognize the significance of biological diversity in all ecosystems. As the human population continues to expand, it will negatively affect one after another of Earth's ecosystems. In terrestrial ecosystems and in fringe marine ecosystems (such as wetlands), the most common problem is habitat destruction. In most situations, the result is irreversible. Now humans are beginning to destroy marine ecosystems through other types of activities, such as disposal and run off of poisonous waste; in less than two centuries, by significantly reducing the variety of species on Earth, they have unraveled cons of evolution and irrevocably redirected its course.

　　Certainly, there have been periods in Earth's history when mass extinctions have occurred. The extinction of the dinosaurs was caused by some physical event, either climatic or cosmic. There have also been less dramatic extinctions, as when natural competition between species reached an extreme conclusion. Only .01 percent of the species that have lived on Earth have survived to the present, and it was largely chance that determined which species survived and which died out.

　　However, nothing has ever equaled the magnitude and speed with which the human species is altering the physical and chemical world and demolishing the environment. In fact, there is wide agreement that it is the rate of change humans are inflicting, even more than the changes themselves, that will lead to biological devastation. Life on Earth has continually been in flux as slow physical and chemical changes have occurred on Earth, but life needs time to adapt — time for migration and genetic adaptation within existing species and time for the proliferation of new genetic material and new species that may be able to survive in new environments.

　　1. What does the passage mainly discuss?

　　(A) The causes of the extinction of the dinosaur

　　(B) The variety of species found in tropical rain forests.

　　(C) The impact of human activities on Earth's ecosystems

　　(D) The time required for species to adapt to new environments

　　2. The word critical in line 1 is closest in meaning to

　　(A) negative

　　(B) essential

　　(C) interesting

　　(D) complicated

　　3. The word jolting in line 5 is closest in meaning to

　　(A) predicted

　　(B) shocking

　　(C) unknown

　　(D) illuminating

　　4. The author mentions the reduction of the variety of species on Earth in line 12 to suggest that

　　(A) new habitats can be created for species

　　(B) humans are often made ill by polluted water

　　(C) some species have been made extinct by human activity

　　(D) an understanding of evolution can prevent certain species from disappearing

　　5. The author mentions all of the following as examples of the effect of humans oil the world's

　　ecosystems EXCEPT

　　(A) destruction of the tropical rain forests

　　(B) habitat destruction in wetlands

　　(C) damage to marine ecosystems

　　(D) the introduction of new varieties of plant species

　　6. The author mentions the extinction of the dinosaurs in the second paragraph to emphasize

　　that

　　(A) the cause of the dinosaurs extinction is unknown

　　(B) Earth's climate has changed significantly since the dinosaurs' extinction,

　　(C) not all mass extinctions have been caused by human activity

　　(D) actions by humans could not stop the irreversible process of a species' extinction

　　7. The word magnitude in line 20 is closest in meaning to

　　(A) concern

　　(B) determination

　　(C) carelessness

　　(D) extent

　　8. According to the passage , natural evolutionary change is different from changes caused by

　　humans in that changes caused by humans

　　(A) are occurring at a much faster rate

　　(B) are less devastating to most species

　　(C) affect fewer ecosystems

　　(D) are reversible

　　9. With which of the following statements would the author be most likely to agree?

　　(A) Human influence on ecosystems should not be a factor in determining public policy.

　　(B) The extinction of a few species is an acceptable consequence of human progress.

　　(C) Technology will provide solutions to problems caused by the destruction of ecosystems.

　　(D) Humans should be more conscious of the influence they have on ecosystems