2018年6月23日托福阅读机经精准预测

2018年6月23日托福阅读机经精准预测

　　Butterflies are among the most extensively studied insects — it is estimated that 90 percent of the world's species have scientific names. As a consequence, they are perhaps the best group of insects for examining patterns of terrestrial biotic diversity and distribution. Butterflies also have a favorable image with the general public. Hence, they are an excellent group for communicating information on science and conservation issues such as diversity.

　　Perhaps the aspect of butterfly diversity that has received the most attention over the past century is the striking difference in species richness between tropical and temperate regions. For example, in 1875 one biologist pointed out the diversity of butterflies in the Amazon when he mentioned that about 700 species were found within an hour's walk, whereas the total number found on the British islands did not exceed 66, and the whole of Europe supported only 321. This early comparison of tropical and temperate butterfly richness has been well confirmed.

　　A general theory of diversity would have to predict not only this difference between temperate and tropical zones, but also patterns within each region, and how these patterns vary among different animal and plant groups. However, for butterflies, variation of species richness within temperate or tropical regions, rather man between them, is poorly understood. Indeed, comparisons of numbers of species among the Amazon basin, tropical Asia, and Africa are still mostly "personal communication" citations, even for vertebrates. In other words, unlike comparison between temperate and tropical areas, these patterns are still in the documentation phase.

　　In documenting geographical variation in butterfly diversity, some arbitrary, practical decisions are made. Diversity, number of species, and species richness are used synonymously;little is known about the evenness of butterfly distribution. The New World butterflies make up the preponderance of examples because they are the most familiar species. It is hoped that by focusing on them, the errors generated by imperfect and incomplete taxonomy will be minimized.

　　托福阅读题目：

　　1. Which aspect of butterflies does the passage mainly discuss?

　　(A) Their physical characteristics

　　(B) Their names

　　(C) Their adaptation to different habitats

　　(D) Their variety

　　2. The word "consequence" in line 2 is closest in meaning to

　　(A) result

　　(B) explanation

　　(C) analysis

　　(D) requirement

　　3. Butterflies are a good example for communicating information about conservation issues

　　because they

　　(A) are simple in structure

　　(B) are viewed positively by people

　　(C) have been given scientific names

　　(D) are found mainly in temperate climates

　　4. The word "striking" in line 8 is closest in meaning to

　　(A) physical

　　(B) confusing

　　(C) noticeable

　　(D) successful

　　5. The word "exceed" in line 11 is closest in meaning to

　　(A) locate

　　(B) allow

　　(C) go beyond

　　(D) come close to

　　6. All of the following are mentioned as being important parts of a general theory of diversity EXCEPT

　　(A) differences between temperate and tropical zones

　　(B) patterns of distribution of species in each region

　　(C) migration among temperate and tropical zones

　　(D) variation of patterns of distribution of species among different animals and plants

　　7. The author mentions tropicalAsia in lines 19 as an example of a location where

　　(A) butterfly behavior varies with climate

　　(B) a general theory of butterfly diversity has not yet been firmly established

　　(C) butterflies are affected by human populations

　　(D) documenting plant species is more difficult than documenting butterfly species

　　8. Which of the following is NOT well understood by biologists?

　　(A) European butterfly habitats

　　(B) Differences in species richness between temperate and tropical regions

　　(C) Differences in species richness within a temperate or a tropical region

　　(D) Comparisons of behavior patterns of butterflies and certain animal groups

　　9. The word "generated" in line 26 is closest in meaning to

　　(A) requested

　　(B) caused

　　(C) assisted

　　(D) estimated