2014年4月27日托福考前冲刺题(一)_第11页

　Passage 15

　　A folk culture is small, isolated, cohesive, conservative, nearly self-sufficient

　　group that is homogeneous in custom and race, with a strong family or clan structure

　　and highly developed rituals. Order is maintained through sanctions based in the

　　Line religion or family, and interpersonal relationships are strong. Tradition is paramount,

　　(5) and change comes infrequently and slowly. There is relatively little division of labor

　　into specialized duties. Rather, each person is expected to perform a great variety of

　　tasks, though duties may differ between the sexes. Most goods are handmade, and a

　　subsistence economy prevails. Individualism is weakly developed in folk cultures, as

　　are social classes. Unaltered folk cultures no longer exist in industrialized countries

　　(10) such as the United States and Canada. Perhaps the nearest modern equivalent in Anglo-

　　America is the Amish, a German American farming sect that largely renounces the

　　products and labor saving devices of the industrial age. In Amish areas, horse-drawn

　　buggies still serve as a local transportation device, and the faithful are not permitted to

　　own automobiles. The Amish's central religious concept of Demut, "humility", clearly

　　(15) reflects the weakness of individualism and social class so typical of folk cultures, and

　　there is a corresponding strength of Amish group identity. Rarely do the Amish marry

　　outside their sect. The religion, a variety of the Mennonite faith, provides the principal

　　mechanism for maintaining order.

　　By contrast, a popular culture is a large heterogeneous group, often highly

　　(20) individualistic and constantly changing. Relationships tend to be impersonal, and a

　　pronounced division of labor exists, leading to the establishment of many specialized

　　professions. Secular institutions, of control such as the police and army take the place of

　　religion and family in maintaining order, and a money-based economy prevails.

　　Because of these contrasts, "popular" may be viewed as clearly different from "folk".

　　(25) The popular is replacing the folk in industrialized countries and in many developing

　　nations, Folk-made objects give way to their popular equivalent, usually because the

　　popular item is more quickly or cheaply produced, is easier or time saving to use, or

　　lends more prestige to the owner.

　　90. What does the passage mainly discuss?

　　(A) Two decades in modern society

　　(B) The influence of industrial technology

　　(C) The characteristics of "folk" and "popular"　societies

　　(D) The specialization of labor in Canada and the　United States

　　91. The word "homogeneous" in line 2 is closest in　meaning to

　　(A) uniform

　　(B) general

　　(C) primitive

　　(D) traditional

　　92. Which of the following is typical of folk  cultures?

　　(A) There is a money-based economy.

　　(B) Social change occurs slowly.

　　(C) Contact with other cultures is encouraged.

　　(D) Each person develops one specialized skill.

　　93. What does the author imply about the United　States and Canada?

　　(A) They value folk cultures.

　　(B) They have no social classes.

　　(C) They have popular cultures.

　　(D) They do not value individualism.

　　94. The phrase "largely renounces" in line 11 is　closest in meaning to

　　(A) generally rejects

　　(B) greatly modifies

　　(C) loudly declares

　　(D) often criticizes

　　95. What is the main source of order in Amish　society?

　　(A) The government

　　(B) The economy

　　(C) The clan structure

　　(D) The religion

　　96. Which of the following statements about Amish　beliefs does the passages support?

　　(A) A variety of religious practices is tolerated.

　　(B) Individualism and competition are important.

　　(C) Premodern technology is preferred.

　　(D) People are defined according to their class.

　　97. Which of the following would probably NOT be　found in a folk culture?

　　(A) A carpenter

　　(B) A farmer

　　(C) A weaver

　　(D) A banker

　　98. The word "prevails" in line 23 is closest in　meaning to

　　(A) dominates

　　(B) provides

　　(C) develops

　　(D) invests

　　99. The word "their" in line 26 refers to

　　(A) folk

　　(B) nations

　　(C) countries

　　(D) objects

　　100. Which of the following is NOT given as a reason　why folk-made objects are replaced by mass-　produced objects?

　　(A) Cost

　　(B) Prestige

　　(C) Quality

　　(D) Convenience