2013年托福考试可能考到的全科机经5

听力

1. 找管理员问东西没了，可能在别的storage，答应尽快答复。

2. 牛顿对诗人的影响。以前光对应darkness，现在因为他的论光学，诗人全都写牛顿体可分解光，而且这书用英语而不是拉丁文写的，谁都看得懂，不是科学体。

3. 什么diamond，有黑钻石，地球上只有两处有，不是地球天然的，而是天上掉下来的，黑钻石是粗糙的表面，多孔的。

字神帝国英语学院英文背景知识补充：

Carbonado, commonly known as the "Black Diamond", is a natural polycrystalline diamond foundin alluvial deposits in the Central African Republic and Brazil. Its natural color is black or dark grey,and it is more porous than other diamonds.

Carbonado diamonds are typically pea-sized or larger porous aggregates of many tiny blackcrystals. The most characteristic carbonados have been found only in the Central African Republic andin Brazil, in neither place associated with kimberlite, the source of typical gem diamonds. Lead isotopeanalyses have been interpreted as documenting crystallization of carbonados about 3 billion years ago.

The carbonados are found in younger sedimentary rocks.

Mineral grains included within diamonds have been studied extensively for clues to diamond origin.Some typical diamonds contain inclusions of common mantle minerals such as pyrope and forsterite,but such mantle minerals have not been observed in carbonado. In contrast, some carbonados do containinclusions of minerals characteristic of the Earth’s crust: these inclusions do not necessarily establishformation of the diamonds in the crust, however, because these obvious crustal inclusions occur in thepores that are common in carbonados. These inclusions within pores may have been introduced after

carbonado formation. Inclusions of other minerals, rare or nearly absent in the Earth’s crust, are found atleast partly incorporated in diamond, not just in pores: among such other minerals are those withcompositions of Si, SiC, and Fe‑Ni. No distinctive high-pressure minerals, including the hexagonal

carbon polymorph, lonsdaleite, have been found as inclusions in carbonados, although such inclusionsmight be expected if carbonados formed by meteorite impact.

Isotope studies have yielded further clues to carbonado genesis. The carbon isotope value is very low(little carbon‑13 compared to carbon‑12, relative to typical diamonds).

Carbonado exhibits strong luminescence (photoluminescence and cathodoluminescence) induced by

nitrogen and by vacancies existing in the crystal lattice. Luminescence halos are present aroundradioactive inclusions, and it is suggested that the radiation damage occurred after formation of thecarbonados, an observation perhaps pertinent to the radiation hypothesis listed below.

4. 同学找老师要推荐信，老师很热情，会帮忙联系那个专案并且系里给加学分。

5. 一个地理形态的形成的。先有个专家说有可能是因为河流，有可能是因为glacial，后来又否定了，另一个专家说是另外一个什么的原因。