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托福考试辅导:语法讲解(50)

中华考试网   2011-05-30   【

第二节 平行结构

平行结构作为考点的出题率奇高,平均每套题中都有2-4道题目,因此必须引起高度重视。平行结构指的就是并列成分,不难理解和掌握。只要形成对and, or等词的敏感,牢记上面的固定搭配使用的并列连词(both…and, as well as 等),一看到这些词就首先考虑平行结构,无论作填空还是改错都是行之有效的方法。

平行结构可能是并列的名词、形容词、不定式、动名词、谓语动词、分词等

例题:
(1)
During most of this century, A. Philip Randolph struggled for Black rights in the United States and becomes an important figure in the labor movement.
应改为:became.
解释:and连接两个并列谓语, 前者是过去时(struggled), 后者应相呼应使用过去式。
注意:在同一个时间背景下(本题中是During most of this century ),平行结构连接词所对应的动词必须采取一致的时态

(2)
Classicism as a doctrine seeks what is universally truth and good.
应改为:true.
解释:and连接两个并列表语, 词性必须相一致, good是形容词, 此处truth也应该用形容词true。
注意:平行结构连接词所对应的各个连接单位的词性必须相一致,再如例题4

(4)
 It is more difficult to write simply, directly, and effective than to employ flowery but vague expressions that only obscure one's meaning.
应改为:effectively.
解释:句中and连接的是几个修饰动词write的副词, 它们的结构应是平行的. effective是形容词, 无法与simply, directly并列使用

(5)
Before pioneers cleared the land for farms, cities, and road, forests covered about 40 percent of what is now the state of Illinois.
应改为:roads
解释:and连接作为for的并列宾语,和farms, cities平行的应是复数名词roads
注意:平行结构连接词所连接的名词,其单复数形式必须相同,除非有的式可数名词,有的是不可数名词。

(5)
Lillian D. Wald, public health nurse and ----, was born in Cincinnati Ohio, in 1867.
 (A) reforming society
 (B) social reformer
 (C) who reformed society
 (D) her social reform

答案:B
解释:and连接的是主语Lillian D. Wald(人名)的两个并列同位语, public health nurse 是形容人的名词词组, 需填的部分应与其一致, A属分词词组, C属定语从句,D虽是名词词组, 中心词是reform,它们均不符合题意.
注意:平行结构连接词所连接的几个单位在结构上,形式上应该尽量一致,比如上题的
public health nurse and social reformer, 都是形容词修饰名词。 再如例题6

(6)
Western Nebraska generally receives less snow than eastern Nebraska is
应改为:Nebraska does
解释:题目中实际上是两个句子在用than连接进行比较, 它们比较的内容是receives the snow, 因此D中应该用does而不是is 来代替前面的receives

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