2017年公共英语五级作文指导：常用段落推展方法
常用段落推展方法
段落推展的常用方法有：时间顺序法、空间顺序法、例证法、分类法、定义法、因果法、比较对比法、过程分析法、一边倒顺接法、两边倒逆接法、人以群分法、反复说明法、让步论证法、综合法等。
1 时间顺序法
时间顺序法是指按发生时间的先后为顺序组织材料的表达方法。在记叙文或人物传记、科学过程和实验的解释中常用时间顺序法。
用时间顺序法推展段落常用转折词：
first, second, third, next, last, hen, finally, meanwhile, after, before, when, as, while, once
as soon as, the first, the last, the beginning of , at the end of, ward the end of
2 空间顺序法
空间顺序法按物体的空间位置(自左至右、由远到近、由上到下、由下到上、由里到外、由外到里、由中间到两边等顺序)来展开段落。
空间顺序法常用介词：
in front of , behind, at the back of, on, above, over, under, below, beneath, underneath, at the top of, along, adjacent to, next to, on one side of, on the other side of, in the centre of, in the middle of, through, through-out, near, far from, away from, close to, to the right of, to the east of, leading to, from......to
3 例证法
运用事实举例来说明一种观点、概念、情况等。例证法可使主题更加明了，内容更加丰富，使抽象变具体、复杂变简单。
例证法常用连接词语：
for example, for instance, that is to say, for one thing, for another, to illustrate, one example is, a good illustration of this is......., A case in point is......, in other words, such as, still another.
4 分类法
是指按一定的标准对人或物的特征分类(classification)。 分类的过程也就是分析共性和揭示差异的过程。在分类时要注意各类别间的平衡性,不能重复划分; 不同的分类标准会产生不同的结果。
分类法常用连接词:
divide...into...fall into......classify......into......there are...... kind of......categorize......into......break down into......
5 定义法
是对事物的本质特征和区别于其他事物的基本特征, 或对一个概念的内涵和外延作出简明阐述的方法。定义法使用务必谨慎,严密。
定义法常用结构及连接词:
A means......, The meaning of A is......, A can be defined as......, By A is meant that......A refers to ......, The definition of A is......, namely, be explained
6 因果法
就是用一些事实或理论作为依据来解释论证某种现象或结果。通常是先提出结果,而后罗列出原因。
因果法常用连接词语:
because, since, in view of, on account of, The reason why......is that......, This explains why......,The cause of ......is......,
The reason for......is......, Because / As / Since / Now that......, ......causes / results in / leads to / produces / contributes to......,......is / are caused by / due to......, ......because of / as a result of / on account of / owing to / through......, The effect of ......is......, The consequence of ......is......, ......,therefore, ............ As a result, ............ Consequently, ............ be responsible for......
7 比较对照法
分为相似比较法和不同比较法。在相似比较法中，作者提出两主题对象是不同的,但强调其相似之处; 而在不同比较法中，作者提出两个对象是相似的,但强调其不同之处.在文章结构上可分为交替式和板块式。
交替式: 是将双方相似点或不同点对应起来逐一比较和对照. 基本模式:A1—B1，A2—B2，A3—B3。
板块式: 是指先论述一个对象的所有性质,然后论述另一个对象的所有性质。基本模式：A1A2A3—B1B2B3。
比较对照法常用句型：
A is the same as B.A is as cheap as B.A is similar to B.A and B have a lot in common. A is different from B.A differs from B.A is not the same as B.A and B are different in every respect. A is distinguished from B in that......A is inferior / superior to B.A is X times more than B.A is X times the size of B.A is the lightest, however, B is the heaviest.
8 一边倒顺接法
支持两个或多个观点中的一个，并只对其展开论述。
基本结构：First......Second....../ In the first place...... In the second place / To begin with..... secondly...... Finally...... / First and foremost.......Furthermore...... In addition......
推荐结构：For one thing...... For another...... On one hand...... On the other hand...... It goes without saying...... Moreover......
原因类文章结构：
The most immediate reason...... An equally important reason...... An additional reason......
9 两边倒逆接法
分别列举出对同一事物或现象的反对及支持的观点，并加以阐述。
While there is a great deal of enthusiasm over the advantage of the Internet, its shortcomings shouldn’t be neglected.
Supporters of such an opinion hold that......
Opponents of such practice argue that......
10 人以群分法
通过分类提出不同人或事物的观点。
方法一：两个主语/宾语
Concerns from parents and school are very obvious. Parents hope their children put more efforts on study. Moreover, schools promulgate various rules to forbid such bad habits.
方法二： 人群分类 / 物群分类
Some books are indeed misleading. They include many harmful ideas or even illegal contents to young people. Some books even have erotic descriptions, which is of great danger to the growth of the teenagers.
方法三：相互关系
We can say that language is a part of culture, and plays a very important role in it. Indeed, some scientists say language is the keystone of culture. On the other hand, language is influenced or even shaped by culture.
11 反复论证法
通过递进或强调一种观点而否定另一种来达到展开段落的目的。
方法一：不该……而应该……
As far as I am concerned no one shouldn’t be obliged to change his / her hobby unless it has caused harm to others. People, whether they are old or young, should have the right of deciding their own hobby.
方法二： 不是……而是……
The advancement of language does not hinder the development of culture. On the contrary, it accelerates the development of culture.
12 让步论证法
是指先承认一种观点是正确的，再通过反面论证其不合理性来达到展开段落的目的。
You can earn much benefits by cheating people without any feelings of guilty. Because you feel satisfied and contented. But if the person who has been cheated is one of your family members, can you still cheer up for it?
