2018全国英语等级考试二级语法资料：动词
1.动词的概念及种类 动词是表示动作或状态的词，按在句中的功用分为以下四种：
|
类别 |
用法及意户 |
例词 |
例句与说明 | |
|
实 义 动 词 |
及物动词（vt.） |
表动作或状态，有完整词义，后接宾语，能单独作谓语 |
like, enjoy, watch, want |
She likes watching TV. Do you enjoy listening to music? |
|
不及物动词(vi.) |
表动作或状态，有完整词义，后接宾语，能单独作谓语 |
rise, come, arrive, happen |
That story happened last year. When did Tom arrive? | |
|
连系动词 |
本身有词义，但须与表语一起构成谓语 |
表示“是”，“仍是” |
be, stay, remain |
She remains a teacher. |
|
表“变得” |
become, get, grow, fall, go,turn |
It’s getting warm. | ||
|
表“听/看/闻/摸/尝 起来” |
sound / look / smell / feel / taste |
That sounds a good idea. It tastes delicious. | ||
|
表“似乎”,“好象” |
seem,appear |
He seems all right. | ||
|
助动词 |
本身无意义不单独作谓语 |
谓语动词是单独的行为动词，在一般现在时/过去时的句中帮助构成否定或疑问 |
Do, Does, Did(位于句首构成一般问句) |
Does he speak English? Yes, he does. No, he doesn’t. He doesn’t speak English. |
|
don’t / doesn’t / didn’t(位于谓语动词前来表否定) |
Jane didn’t go to school yesterday. | |||
|
与doing连用构成进行时 |
be (not) doing |
She is doing her homework now. | ||
|
与done连用构成被动语态 |
be done |
The tree was planed last year. | ||
|
与done连用构成完成时 |
have / has / had done |
She has gone back. | ||
|
后接动词原形构成将来时 |
will/ shall do |
I shall do it. | ||
|
情态动词 |
本身有意义，但不能单独作谓语，与主要动词原形一起表示说话人的语气，情态，没有人称、数的变化。 |
表“能够” |
can/could(没其他形式) be able to(有各种时态与形式) |
Jane could swim when she was six. I’ll be able to speak French next year. |
|
表“许可” |
may(较正式) can(口语) |
You may smoke here. “can’t”不可以；“may not”不可以 | ||
|
表“请求许可” |
can/could(用于一、二人称) may/might(用于第一人称) |
Can you help me? May I help you?=Can I help you? | ||
|
表“可能” |
can/could may/might(不用于问句) |
“can’t”只用于否定 “may not / might not”不可能 | ||
|
表“必须” |
must have to(可有各种时态) |
“mustn’t”意为“不可以”，表禁止 “don’t/doesn’t have to”意为“不必” | ||
|
表“应该” |
should,ought to有义务 be supposed to |
shouldn’t/oughtn’t to不应该 are not supposed to不应该 | ||
|
表“一定” |
must |
Tom must be late. | ||
|
表“需要” |
need |
作情态动词时常用于否定句，疑问句或条件从句 作行为动词时，常用于肯定句 | ||
|
表“敢” 表“请求指示” |
dare shall I / we / he…？ |
—“Shall I open the door”? —“Sure,please.” Where shall we meet? | ||
|
表“向对方提出请求” |
Will / Would you please? |
—“Will you please open the door?” —“Sure.” | ||
|
询问对方的意思 |
Would you like to…? |
—“Would you like to try one more.” —“No,thank you.” | ||
|
表说话人的意愿 |
shall |
You shall be back at ten。 | ||
|
“命令、允诺、强制”等，用于二、三人称 |
He shall obey the rules. | |||
|
表“意愿”，用于各人称 |
will/would |
I will answer the phone. | ||
|
表“过去常常习惯于” |
used to |
过去曾有的动作/状态；过去的习惯，此时相当于would；表次数时不用。 | ||
|
would |
表过去动作的重复，有明确的时间状语；表过去的次数时不用。 | |||
|
表“祝愿” |
may |
May you succeed. |
2.动词的基本形式及变化规则如下表：
|
情况/形式 |
原形 |
现在分词 |
过去式 |
过去分词 |
|
一般情况 |
talk |
加-ing talking |
加-ed talked |
加-ed talked |
|
以e结尾 |
remove |
去e加-ing removing |
加-d removed |
加-d removed |
|
以辅音字母加-y结尾 |
carry |
加-ing carrying |
改y为i加-ed carried |
改y为i再加-ed carried |
|
以一个辅音字母结尾的重读闭音节单词 |
stop |
双写结尾辅音字母加-ing stopping |
双写结尾辅音字母再加-ed stopped |
双写结尾辅音字母再加-ed stopped |
|
以s,x,sh,ch[tF]结尾的词 |
watch |
加-ing watching |
加-ed watched |
加-ed watched |
|
以ie结尾的词 |
tie |
改ie为y再加-ing tying |
加-d tied |
加-d tied |
3.动词的时态
|
时 态 |
基本用法 |
常与之连用的时间状语 |
例句 |
|
一般现在时态 |
习惯性或常发生的动作或存在的状态 |
in the morning / evening / afternoon, every day / month/year / morning. sometimes, often, always, usually, frequently, eldom, ever, never, once,in a while, from time to time, today, these days, this week / month / year, now, etc |
He reads French every morning. |
|
表能力，性格，特征等 |
Joan is a nice person. | ||
|
普遍真理的表述 |
The moon turns round the earth. | ||
|
剧本、图、文的解说 |
The scene changes back to the park. | ||
|
按时刻表，计划决定好了的事 |
The train leaves at 8:00. | ||
|
在“时间，条件，方式，让步状语从句”中表“将来”动作 |
I’ll call you as soon as I get the park. You won’t be able to pass the exam unless you work hard. | ||
|
一般过去时态 |
具体的过去时间里发生的动作或存在的状态 |
...ago,just now,in 1976/1989, yesterday last Sunday / month / week / year, the day before yesterday, the other day,once, in those days / years,once upon a time, earlier, this month / week / year, then, sometimes, often, always, etc. |
Mary was here a moment ago. |
|
过去常发生的动作或存在的状态，特征 |
He often went to Shanghai last year. | ||
|
在“虚拟语气”中表“现在/将来”的情况 |
He talks as if he were my teacher. | ||
|
在“委婉”用语中表“现在/将来”,常与“could/would”连用在“时间，条件，让步”等状语从句中表“过去将来” |
I hoped you could help me. They planned to go out if it was fine the next day. | ||
|
一般将来时态 |
shall(’ll)用于第一人称will(’ll)用于各人称，表示“将会”“意愿” |
tomorrow, in 2010, next morning / year / week / month / time, in turn, soon, before long, in the year, to come, from now on,one day, some day, from now on, sometime in the future, in a few hours / days, the day after tomorrow, this evening, this afternoon, etc. |
I shall do it tomorrow morning. She’ll have to go there by herself. |
|
“am/is/are going to+v.原”表“即将发生，打算做” |
It looks as if it’s going to rain. | ||
|
“is/am/are doing”表“计划，安排” |
He’s leaving for Guangdong tomorrow. | ||
|
“is/am/are about to+v.原”“表即将就要发生/做” |
She is about to go to school. | ||
|
“is/am/are to+v.原” “表计划决定，要求，命令，传达命令指示等” |
You are to stay in the hotel. Your boyfriend told you. | ||
|
过去将来时态 |
“should+v.原/would+v.原”表过去预计将要发生的动作或存在的状态”。常用于从句或引语中 |
常用于状语从句、名词性从句或间接引语中。 |
She said she would vote for me. She said she wouldn’t vote for me. |
|
“were/was going to+v.原”表“过去即将发生或打算要做” |
She said it was going to rain soon. | ||
|
“was/were+v.-ing”表“过去的计划，安排” |
I wondered when the plane was arriving. | ||
|
“was/were about to+v.” 原表“过去即将，就要” |
I was about to go out when the phone rang. | ||
|
“was/were to+v.原”表“过去的计划决定，要求命令等” |
He told us they were to hold a meeting the next day. | ||
|
现在进行时态 |
说话时正进行的动作 |
now, at present, these days, this morning / week / month, during this season, Look! Listen! etc. always, constantly, frequently, all the time |
He is playing basketball now. |
|
现阶段正进行的动作 |
I’m writing a book these days. | ||
|
表“计划安排好的将来动作” |
She’s flying to Paris tomorrow. | ||
|
表“反复经常”的动作，常与always等连用，有责备，高兴等较浓的感情色彩。 |
They are always talking in meeting. He is constantly leaving things about. | ||
|
在here/there引起的句子中可用“一般现在时”表进行。 |
Here comes the bus. | ||
|
过去进行时态 |
过去某一时刻正进行的动作 |
this time yesterday, at that time, then, all morning, at that moment, the whole night, during…, when I came in, etc |
What were you doing at that moment? |
|
过去某一阶段正进行的动作 |
Last year we were building the library. | ||
|
在过去看来即将发生的动作 |
He wondered whether she was leaving. | ||
|
现在完成时态 |
过去开始的动作/状态一直延续到现在 |
since+时间点/…ago/从句；for+时段；in the past/last five years once, twice, three times, many times before, ever, never so far,by now, lately, recently, just, already, yet |
I have lived here for six years. |
|
在现在为止一个动作状态已多次发生 |
I’ve seen the film four times. | ||
|
到现在为止时的一动作状态经历 |
I’ve never been to America. | ||
|
过去完成的动作对现在还有影响 |
He has just come back. |
4.动词的语态:
动词的语态有主动语态(主语是动作的发出者)和被动语态(主语是动作的承受者)。被动语态由be/get(助动词)+过去分词构成，be/get体现时态变化。主动变被动时，时态保持不变;动作的执行者由“by短语”表示;get+过去分词侧重动作的效果，通常不与表示一段时间的状语连用，其一般现在时/一般过去时变否定式，疑问时要借助助动词。
They make bikes.
Bikes are made by them.
When did she get married?
How did the window get broken?
注意：
(1)不及物动词一般没有被动语态。
The sun sets in the west.
易错的常见的不用被动语态的不及物动词有：rise, set, happen, break out, take place, fall, lie, die, etc.
(2)主动句带双宾语(直接宾语和间接宾语)的句子，可将“间接宾语”或“直接宾语”变成被动语态的主语，还有一个宾语叫保留宾语。一般将“间接宾语”变为被动句的主语。当变直接宾语为被动句的主语时，要在保留宾语(间接宾语)前加一个介词to(给，表方向)或for(替)。
My mother gave me a book.
I was given a book(by my mother).
A book was given to me(by my mother).
(3)主动句带有复合宾语时，变为被动句时宾语补足语保留在谓语动词之后，改称为“主语补足语”即主补。当宾补是不带to的不定式时，被动句中原省略的to要加上。
The boss made us work ten hours a day.
We were made to work ten hours a day(by the boss).
(4)含有“动-介/动-副/动-副-介”等短语动词的句子，变成被动语态时，要把这些短语看成一个整体(相当于一个动词)，不能漏掉任何词。
The nurses look after the patients well.
The patients are looked after well(by the nurses).
(5)含有“动-名-介”型短语动词的主动句变为被动句时，也可将其中的名词变为被动句的主语。
He paid much attention to his pronunciation.
Much attention was paid to his pronunciation(by him).
His pronunciation was paid much attention to(by him).
(6)被动语态与系表结构的区别：
被动语态，表“动作”，用相应的时态，时态变化比较丰富。
系表结构，表“性质”，常用一般时态。
The glass was broken by Tom yesterday.
The glass was broken.
That book was written by a teacher.
That book is well written.
