2019年考研英语精选练习题(3)

　　In general，our society is becoming one of the giant enterprises directed by a bureaucratic management in which man becomes a small we1l-oiled cog in the machinery.The oiling is done with higher wages，well-ventilated factories and piped music，and by psychologists and“human relations”experts;yet all this oiling does not alter the fact that man has become powerless，that he is bored with it.In fact，the blue-collar and the white-collar workers have become economic puppets who dance to the tune of automated machines and bureaucratic management. 　　The worker and employee are anxious not only because they might find themselves out of a job，they are anxious also because they are unable to acquire any real satisfaction of interest in life.They live and die without ever having confronted the fundamental realities of human existence as emotionally and intellectually independent and productive human beings. 　　Those higher up on the social ladder are no less anxious.Their lives are no less empty than those of their subordinates.They are even more insecure in some respects.They are in a highly competitive race.To be promoted or to fall behind is not a matter of salary but even more a matter of self-respect.When they apply for their first job，they are tested for intelligence as well as for the right mixture of submissiveness and independence.From that moment on they are tested again and again by the psychologists，for whom testing is a big business，and by their superiors，who judge their behavior，sociability，capacity to get along，etc.This constant need to prove that one is as good as or better than one‘s fellow competitor creates constant anxiety and stress，the very causes of unhappiness and illness. 　　Am I suggesting that we should return to the pre-industrial mode of production or to nineteenth century“free enterprise”capitalism? Certainly not.Problems are never solved by returning to a stage which one has already outgrown.I suggest transforming our social system from a bureaucratically managed industrialism in which maximal production and consumption are ends in themselves into a humanist industrialism in which man and full development of his potentialities—those of all love and of reason—are the aims of social arrangements.Production and consumption should serve only as means to this end，and should be prevented from ruling man. 　　1.By“a well-oiled cog in the machinery”the author intends to render the idea that man is____. 　　[A] a necessary part of the society though each individual‘s function is negligible 　　[B] an unimportant part in comparison with the rest of the society，though functioning smoothly 　　[C] working in complete harmony with the rest of the society 　　[D] a humble component of the society，especially when working smoothly 　　2.The real cause of the anxiety of the workers and employees is that____. 　　[A] they are deprived of their individuality and independence 　　[B] they have no genuine satisfaction or interest in life 　　[C] they are faced with the fundamental realities of human existence 　　[D] they are likely to lose their jobs 　　3.From the passage we can infer that real happiness of life belongs to those____. 　　[A]who are at the bottom of the society 　　[B]who are higher up in their social status 　　[C]who could keep far away from this competitive world 　　[D]who prove better than their fellow competitors 　　4.To solve the present social problems the author suggests that we should____. 　　[A] resort to the production mode of our ancestors 　　[B] offer higher wages to the workers and employees 　　[C] enable man to fully develop his potentialities 　　[D] take the fundamental realities for granted 　　5.The author s attitude towards industrialism might best be summarized as one of____. 　　[A]approval [B]tolerance 　　[C]suspicion [D]dissatisfaction

　　核心词汇 　　ventilate Vt使通风 bore v.使厌烦 puppet，n.傀儡 tunen.曲调，调子 　　acquire vt获得，学到 existence n.存在 mode n.方式，模式 　　难句点津 　　1.In general，our society is becoming one of the giant enterprises directed bv a bureaucratic lmanagement in which man becomes a small well—oiled cog in the machinery. [点津]句子的主干是Our societyisbecoming oneofthe giant enterprises，directedby之后的内容是修饰enterprises的定语，which引导一个定语从句修饰 enterprises 　　2.From that moment on they are tested again and again by the psychologists，for whom testing is a big business，and by their superiors，who judge their behavior，sociability，capacity to get along.etc. ‘ 　　[点津]句子的主干是They are tested by the psychologists and by their superiors，其中psychologists 和superiors都带有自己的定语从句。 　　总的来说，我们的社会变成了一个官僚化管理的大型企业，其中的所有人都成了这台机器中润滑良好的小齿轮。高工资、通风良好的厂房和有线广播的音乐用于润滑，心理学家和“人际关系”专家也用于润滑。然而所有这些润滑油都没能改变这一事实，即人类已经变得无能为力并厌倦了“润滑油”。实际上，蓝领和白领阶层都变成了经济傀儡，随着自动化机器和官僚化管理的步调而起舞。 　　工人和雇员的焦虑不仅是由于他们可能会失业，还由于他们无法获得生活的真正乐趣。终其一生，他们从未作为情感和理智上独立的、富有创造性的人来面对生存的本质。那些处于社会高层的人同样焦虑，他们的生活和那些社会地位低于他们的人同样空洞，甚至在某些方面更缺乏安全感。他们处在异常激烈的竞争中。得到晋升还是落后于人，不是薪水的问题，更多的是自尊的问题。他们在申请第一份工作时，就接受了智商测试，以及对是否兼有适当的服从和独立的素质所进行的考查。从那以后，他们不断地被心理学家测试，对那些心理学家来说测试是一笔大生意;他们还不断接受上司的测试，以评判他们的行为、社交能力、与人相处的能力等。他们需要不断地证明自己和同事一样优秀，或比同事更优秀，这造成了持久的忧虑和压力，而忧虑和压力是苦恼和疾病的根源。 ‘ 　　我是在建议我们应该回到前工业社会的生产模式或19世纪“自由企业”的资本主义吗?当然不是。回到逝去的时代永远不能解决问题。我建议将社会体系由官僚化管理的工业制度转换到人道主义的工业制度，前者以最大化的生产和消费为最终目的，而后者的社会目的则是人及其潜能的全面发展。生产和消费只是实现该目的的手段，而不能让它们统治人类。 　　答案解析 　　1.B 推断题。文章第一段指出，人成了社会大机器中微小的、润滑良好的齿轮，高工资和通风良好的厂房便是润滑油，但事实上人是无能为力的，蓝领工人和白领阶层都是毫无自主权的经济傀儡。由此推断，虽然工作生活条件不错，但人在社会中却是无足轻重的，故选B. 　　2.A 推断题。文章第二段点明了工人和雇员忧虑的原因，分析上下文可知，其真正原因是情感与理智上独立的、富有创造性的个人生存状态被忽视，故选A.选项B、D只是部分原因，不全面;C项与文章内容相悖。 　　3.C 推断题。由文章可知，社会底层者、社会上层者和竞争中的胜利者都无法脱离充满竞争的生存环境，因而都生活在各种各样的忧虑与压力之中，所以都无幸福可言，只有远离这个充满竞争的社会的人才可能获得幸福，故选C. 　　4.C 推断题。文章最后一段给出了解决现有社会问题的建议，即改革现有的工业制度，在新的工业制度中，人及其自身潜能的全面发展将是社会的目标，故选C.A项是作者在最后一段中表明不同意的观点，应排除;B项是维持工业制度正常运转的手段之一，而不是解决社会问题的建议，应排除;D项与原文不符，也应排除。 　　5.D 态度题。文章最后一段提到，作者建议将社会体系由官僚政治管理的工业制度过渡到人道主义的工业制度，由此可知，作者对现有工业制度的态度是不满的，故选D.A、B、C都与原文不符。

　　二.

　　When Gina Garro and Brian Duplisea adopted 4-month-old Andres from Colombia last month， they were determined to take time off from work to care for him. Six years ago， after their daughter， Melina， was born， the family scraped by on Duplisea s $36，000 salary as a construction worker so Garro， a special-education teacher， could stay home. Now， since Garro s job furnishes the family health insurance， she ll head back to work this fall while Duplisea juggles diapers and baby bottles. His boss agreed to the time off——but he will have to forgo his $18-an-hour pay. It won t be easy. Though Garro s $40，000 salary will cover their mortgage， the couple will have to freeze their retirement accounts， scale back on Melina s after-school activities——and pray that nothing goes wrong with the car. “It takes away from your cushion and your security，” says Garro. “Things will be tight.” 　　The 1993 Family and Medical Leave Act was supposed to help families like Garro s， offering a safety net to employees who want to take time off to nurture newborns， tend to their own major illnesses or care for sick relatives. But while the law guarantees that workers won t lose their jobs， it doesn t cover their paychecks. One survey last year showed that while 24 million Americans had taken leaves since 1999， 2.7 million more wanted to， but couldn t afford it. That may change soon. In response to increasing demands from voters， at least 25 states are now exploring new ways to offer paid leave. One possibility： tapping state disability funds. A handful of states——New York， New Jersey， California， Rhode Island and Hawaii——already dip into disability money to offer partial pay for women on maternity leave. But that doesn t help dads or people caring for elderly parents. New Jersey and New York may soon expand disability programs to cover leave for fathers and other caretakers. Thirteen states， including Arizona， Illinois and Florida， have proposed using unemployment funds to pay for leave. 　　Massachusetts has been especially creative. When the state s acting governor， Jane Swift， gave birth to twin daughters in May， she drew attention to the issue with her own “working maternity leave”： she telecommuted part-time but earned her usual full-time salary. Even before Swift returned to work last week， the state Senate unanimously passed a pilot plan that would use surplus funds from a health-insurance program for the unemployed to give new parents 12 weeks off at half pay. Another plan， proposed in the House， would require employers to kick in $20 per worker to set up a “New Families Trust Fund.” Businesses would get tax credits in return. This week Swift is expected to announce her own paid-leave plan for lower-income mothers and fathers. Polls show widespread public support——another reason Swift and other politicians across the country have embraced the issue. 　　Still， not everyone s wild about the idea. People without children question why new parents——the first group to get paid leave under many of the proposed plans——should get more government perks than they do. Business groups are resistant to proposals that would raid unemployment funds; several have already filed suit to block them. As the economy slows， many companies say they can t afford to contribute to proposed new benefit funds either. Business lobbyists say too many employees already abuse existing federal family-leave laws by taking time off for dubious reasons or in tiny time increments. The proposed laws， they say， would only make matters worse. 　　For Garro and Duplisea， though， the new laws could make all the difference. As Melina fixes a peanut-butter-and-jelly sandwich， Duplisea hugs a snoozing Andres against his T shirt. “We re trying to do the right thing by two kids， and we have to sacrifice，” Duplisea says. In Massachusetts and plenty of other states， help may be on the way. 　　1. From the first paragraph， we learn that __________________. 　　[A] Garro and Duplisea used to live a comfortable and easy life. 　　[B] Duplisea‘s boss is so considerate as to allow him to keep his job 　　[C] Garro can earn more money so she should go back to work. 　　[D] The couple have made a lot of sacrifices to take care of their children. 　　2. When Garro says “It takes away from your cushion and your security”， she means _____________________. 　　[A] it exhausts her family savings 　　[B] it plunges her family into financial trouble 　　[C] it deprives her children of health insurance 　　[D] it makes her feel insecure 　　3. If Garro lives in Massachusetts， she will ___________________. 　　[A] have 12 weeks off at half pay 　　[B] telecommute part-time but earn full-time salary 　　[C] leave her job without pay to take care of her kids 　　[D] get $20 from her employer for her leave 　　4. The word “perk” most probably means _______________. 　　[A] grant 　　[B] policy 　　[C] encouragement 　　[D] reward 　　5. The author‘s attitude towards paid leave seems to be that of _________________. 　　[A] opposition 　　[B] suspicion 　　[C] approval 　　[D] indifference

　　答案：DBAAC

　　篇章剖析 　　本文为说明文，主要介绍带薪请假政策的起因，制定和实施情况，以及所面临的问题和反对意见。文章首先以加罗一家的经历说明停薪请假的人所面临的经济困难。然后在第二，第三段介绍了一下各州针对这一问题的解决方案。第四段介绍了反对者的态度和看法，最后一段再次以加罗一家的情况来说明带薪请假政策可能带来的积极变化，并且呼应了文章开头部分，以此作为结尾，使得全文层次分明，结构完整。

　　词汇注释 　　scrape v. 勉强维持生计;勉强通过 　　furnish v. 供应， 提供 　　juggle v. 耍，弄 　　diaper n. 尿布 　　forgo v. 抛弃;放弃 　　cushion n. 缓冲，减轻或缓和不利后果的东西： 　　tap v. 开发;利用 　　maternity adj. 母性的，初为人母的孕妇的;适合于孕妇的，生小孩或成为母亲的第一个月的 　　telecommute v. 远距离工作 　　pilot plan 试点方案 　　kick in 参与提供资金和其他帮助的活动中去 　　tax credit 税金免除 　　perk n. 额外津贴 　　raid v. 侵吞 　　lobbyist n. 院外活动集团成员;说客 　　increment n. 增加， 增量

　　难句突破 　　1.The 1993 Family and Medical Leave Act was supposed to help families like Garro s， offering a safety net to employees who want to take time off to nurture newborns， tend to their own major illnesses or care for sick relatives. 　　主体句式：The 1993 Family and Medical Leave Act was supposed to help… 　　结构分析：本句是一个复杂句，既包括从句，也包括分词结构。be supposed to do something 表示“应该做某事”，通常强调“义务，责任”等。safety net 原义是防止坠落受伤的“安全网”，在此引申为“安全保障”。 　　句子译文：1993年颁布的《家庭医疗休假法》本来应该帮助像加罗这样的家庭，为那些请假照顾新生儿，治疗重病或者照顾患病亲人的员工提供一个安全保障。

　　题目分析

　　1. 答案为D，属事实细节题。见第一段。为了照顾两个孩子，这一对夫妇俩做出了许多选择。这些选择大都意味着做出一定牺牲，比如请假在家照顾孩子，收入减少，冻结养老金帐户，减少孩子课外活动开支等。 　　2. 答案为B，属判断推理题。 从第一段列举的事实来看，加罗夫妇不得不冻结养老金帐号，减少梅丽娜的课后活动开支——还要祷告汽车别出问题。可见请假照顾孩子给他们带来了严重的经济问题。答案B正确。 　　3. 答案为A，属事实细节题。内容涉及马萨诸塞州最近通过的一项议案。原文参照第三段第五行。 　　4. 答案为A，属猜词题。从第二，第三段的内容来看，各州政府试图动用各种基金对请假照料新生婴儿的父母进行经济上的帮助，因此A项在意义上最符合。 　　5. 答案是C，属推理判断题。本文重点说明了停薪请假人所面临的经济困难，以及各州的解决方案。并在最后一段说明带薪请假政策可能带来的积极变化。从材料的选择来看，作者对于带薪请假政策持积极的态度，所以答案C正确。

　　原文翻译

　　上个月，吉纳。加罗和布莱恩。杜普里希从哥伦比亚收养四个月大的安德烈时，这对夫妇决定请假照顾他。六年前，他们的女儿梅丽娜出生后，这家人靠着杜普里希作建筑工人每年36，000美元的薪水勉强度日，这样，从事特殊教育教学的加罗就可以呆在家里照顾孩子。如今，因为加罗的工作能够为家庭提供医疗健康保险，她将在今年秋季回去工作，而让杜普里希摆弄那些尿片和婴儿奶瓶。他的老板同意他请假——但他必须为此放弃十八美元一小时的报酬。这可有些让这个家庭犯难。虽然加罗40，000美元的年薪可以支付他们的抵押贷款，但夫妇俩却不得不冻结他们的退休帐户，减少梅丽娜的课后活动开支——还要祷告汽车别出问题。“我们不再后顾无忧，”加罗说道：“生活会变得很拮据。” 　　1993年颁布的《家庭医疗休假法》本来应该帮助像加罗这样的家庭，为那些请假照顾新生儿，治疗重病或者照顾患病亲人的员工提供一个安全保障。可是，法律虽然可以保证这些员工不至于丢掉工作，却不能支付他们的薪水。去年的一项调查显示，虽然从 1999年以来有4000万美国人请假，但还有270万想要请假，却承受不起请假带来的损失。要不了多久这种情况就会改变。目前至少有25个州正在探索提供带薪休假的新途径，以回应选民日益增加的要求。一种可能就是利用州伤病基金。一些州——纽约州，新泽西，加利福尼亚，罗德岛和夏威夷——已经动用伤病基金为请孕产假的妇女提供部分工资。但这种举措并不能帮助那些做父亲的人和照料年迈父母的人。新泽西州和纽约州也许不久就会扩大伤病基金计划的覆盖面，让那些请假照料孩子的父亲们和其他照料伤病亲属的人都能从中受益。包括亚利桑那州，伊利诺伊州和佛罗里达州在内的十三个州已经提议动用失业基金来支付请假工资。 　　马萨诸塞州的举措尤具创意。当该州的代理州长，简。斯威夫特五月生下一对双胞胎女儿的时候，她以自己“请产假”的方式引起人们对这一问题的关注。她在家通过电脑终端远程工作，做的是兼职工作，拿的却是全职的薪水。在她上周重返工作岗位之前，州参议院就一致通过了一项试点方案，允许动用失业人员医疗保险计划的剩余基金，让刚生了孩子的父母可以拿一半工资，请假12周。众议院提议的另外一项计划则要求雇主为每个员工增加20美元工资，以便设立一个“新家庭信托基金”。作为回报，商业企业可以获得税金免除。这一周，预计斯威夫特将宣布她本人针对低收入母亲和父亲提出的带薪请假计划。民意测验显示了广泛的公众支持——这是斯威夫特和其他国内政治家乐意解决这一问题的另外一个原因。 　　不过，并不是所有人都热衷这种想法。一些没有子女的人质疑为什么刚生了孩子的父母——他们是许多提案当中第一批获得带薪请假待遇的人——得到的政府补贴比他们的多。商业机构抵制动用失业基金的提案;一些机构甚至已经提起诉讼以阻止这些提案获得通过。随着经济发展的减速，许多公司也说他们无力为提议中的福利基金提供资金。商业企业的院外游说成员说有太多的员工已经滥用现有的联邦家庭医疗休假法，以许多可疑的借口请假，或者拖延一点请假时间。他们认为该法律提案只会使情况变得更糟。 　　不过，对于加罗和杜普里希来说，新的法律会使他们的境况大为不同。梅丽娜准备一块花生-黄油- 果冻三明治的时候，杜普里希把怀中打盹的安德烈抱在胸前。“我们正在努力为两个孩子创造好的条件，所以不得不做出牺牲，”杜普里希说。在马塞诸塞州和其他许多州，也许很快人们就会得到这样的帮助。