雅思考试：2012年08月11日雅思阅读机经A类Passage 1
| 考试日期： | 2012年8月11日 |
| Reading Passage 1 | |
| Title: | El Niño Phenomenon厄尔尼诺 |
| Question types: | TRUE/FALSE/NOT GIVEN Summary 填空 |
| 文章内容回顾 | 关于厄尔尼诺现象的介绍以及它产生的影响 |
| 英文原文阅读 | The term El Niño—Spanish for "the Christ Child"—was originally used by fishermen to refer to the Pacific Ocean warm currents near the coasts of Peru and Ecuador that appeared periodically around Christmas time and lasted for a few months. Due to those currents, fish were much less abundant than usual. At the present time we use the same name for the large-scale warming of surface waters of the Pacific Ocean every 3-6 years, which usually lasts for 9-12 months, but may continue for up to 18 months, and dramatically affects the weather worldwide. El Niño events happen irregularly. Their strength is estimated in surface atmospheric pressure anomalies and anomalies of land and sea surface temperatures. The El Niño phenomenon dramatically affects the weather in many parts of the world. It is therefore important to predict its appearance. Various climate models, seasonal forecasting models, ocean-atmosphere coupled models, and statistical models attempt to predict El Niño as a part of interannual climate variability. Predicting El Niño has been possible only since the 1980s, when the power of computers became sufficient to cover very complicated large-scale ocean-atmosphere interactions. El Niño's Impact The strongest El Niño events of the 20th century occurred in 1982-'83 and in1997-'98. The effects of 1982-'83 included significant storms throughout the southwest United States and one of Australia's worst droughts of the century. According to the World Meteorological Organization, the 1997-'98 El Niño was a major factor in 1997s record high temperatures. The estimated average surface temperature for land and sea worldwide was0.8°Fhigher than the 1961-1990 average of61.7°F. According to the National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration (NOAA), 1998 has set all-time highs of global land and ocean surface temperatures, above record high levels in 1997. In 1998 the mean temperature was1.2°F(0.7°C) above the long-term (since 1880) mean of56.9°F(13.8°C). The impact of the 1997/8 El Niño has been felt in many parts of the world: Droughts have occurred in the Western Pacific Islands and Indonesia as well as in Mexico and Central America. In Indonesia drought caused uncontrollable forest fires and floods, while warm weather led to a bad fisheries season in Peru, and extreme rainfall and mud slides in southern California. Corals in the Pacific Ocean were bleached by warmer than average water, and shipping through the Panama Canal was restricted by below-average rainfall. El Niño phenomena dramatically affect the weather throughout the world. Among other weather anomalies, El Niño events are responsible for: A shift of thunderstorm activity eastward from Indonesia to the south Pacific, which leads to abnormally dry conditions and severe droughts during both warm and cold seasons in Australia, the Philippines, Indonesia, southeastern Africa and Brazil. 考试用书 During the summer season the Indian monsoon is less intensive than normal and therefore it is much less rainy than usual in India. Much wetter conditions at the west coast of tropical South America. El Niño impacts on the United States, North America and the Atlantic regions include: Wetter than the normal conditions in tropical latitudes of North America, from Texas to Florida, including more intensive wintertime storms. Extreme rainfall and flooding events in California, Oregon and Washington. Much milder winters and late autumns in northwestern Canada and Alaska due to pumping of abnormally warm air by mid-latitude low pressure systems. Below normal hurricane/tropical cyclone activity in the Atlantic (however, their strength is not limited by El Niño). Drier than normal North American monsoons, especially for Mexico, Arizona and New Mexico. Drier than normal autumns and winters in the U.S. Pacific Northwest. Summary El Niño is a warm phase of the interannual climate oscillation called El Niño Southern Oscillation (ENSO) event, an example of large-scale ocean-atmosphere interaction, and is characterized by large-scale warming of the surface tropical Pacific Ocean. El Niño events occur every 3-6 years, last 9-12 months, sometimes even up to 18 months, and have a big impact on world weather. The major impacts of El Niño are temperature anomalies, changes in precipitation variability, floods and droughts throughout the world. El Niño events happen irregularly and are hard to predict. However many numerical climate models predicted the last few El Niño events successfully. El Niño forecasting is becoming more and more reliable with our improving knowledge of the phenomenon's nature, with the help of more and more powerful computers, and with the operational El Niño Southern Oscillation observation system. El Niño forecasting is especially important for tropical countries where El Niño impacts are the strongest. |
| 题型难度分析 | 据考生回忆，第一篇较简单。一种是填空类的题型，另一种是考生易拿分的经典题型判断题。 |
| 题型技巧分析 | 是非无判断题是雅思考试阅读的经典题型，虽然今年的题量相对减少，但是仍是复习备考时应关注的题型。 首先应该注意看清是TRUE还是YES, 本篇是TRUE/ FALSE/ NOT GIVEN 解题步骤： 1. 速读问题的句子，找出考点词（容易有问题的部分）。考点词：比较级，最高级，数据（时间），程度副词，特殊形容词，绝对化的词（only, most, each, any, every, the same as等）。 2. 排除考点词，在余下的词中找定位词，去原文定位。 3. 重点考察考点词是否有提及，是否正确。 TRUE的原则是同义替换，至少有一组近义词。 FALSE是题目和原文截然相反，不可共存，通常有至少一组反义词。 NOT GIVEN原文未提及，不做任何推断，尤其多考察题目的主语等名词在原文是否有提及。 Summary题，有顺序原则。 先关注instruction字数限制 其次，定位summary在原文的始末位置，summary开头和结尾分别找keywords定位到原文。 根据空格前后信息，预测空格上的单词（单复数，可数与否，词性，-ing, -ed, 固定搭配等） 在空格附近找定位词（专有名词，数字，句子主语，表示方位的介词，表时间的词，不认识的可数名词） |
| 剑桥雅思推荐原文练习 | 剑4 Test1 Passage 1 剑5 Test3 Passage 1 |
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