第一部分 (一)据逻辑，猜词义
(2015·北京·C)
Life in the Clear
Transparent animals let light pass through their bodies the same way light passes through a window.These animals typically live between the surface of the ocean and a depth of about 3,300 feet—as far as most light can reach.Most of them are extremely delicate and can be damaged by a simple touch.Sonke Johnsen, a scientist in biology, says, “These animals live through their life alone.They never touch anything unless they're eating it, or unless something is eating them.”
And they are as clear as glass.How does an animal become seethrough? It's trickier than you might think.
The objects around you are visible because they interact with light.Light typically travels in a straight line.But some materials slow and scatter(散射)light, bouncing it away from its original path.Others absorb light, stopping it dead in its tracks.Both scattering and absorption make an object look different from other objects around it, so you can see it easily.
But a transparent object doesn't absorb or scatter light, at least not very much. Light can pass through it without bending or stopping.That means a transparent object doesn't look very different from the surrounding air or water.You don't see it—you see the things behind it.
To become transparent, an animal needs to keep its body from absorbing or scattering light.Living materials can stop light because they contain pigments(色素) that absorb specific colors of light.But a transparent animal doesn't have pigments, so its tissues won't absorb light.According to Johnsen, avoiding absorption is actually easy.The real challenge is preventing light from scattering.
Animals are built of many different materials—skin, fat, and more—and light moves through each at a different speed.Every time light moves into a material with a new speed, it bends and scatters.Transparent animals use different tricks to fight scattering.Some animals are simply very small or extremely flat.Without much tissue to scatter light, it is easier to be seethrough.Others build a large, clear mass of nonliving jellylike(果冻状的)material and spread themselves over it.
Larger transparent animals have the biggest challenge, because they have to make all the different tissues in their bodies slow down light exactly as much as water does.They need to look uniform.But how they're doing it is still unknown.One thing is clear：for these larger animals, staying transparent is an active process.When they die, they turn a nontransparent milky white.
文章大意：你见过透明生物吗?本文介绍了透明的海洋生物。作者为我们介绍了物体之所以不能透明的原理，从而让我们理解没有什么器官组织的透明生物能够保持透明的奇特性。
1.According to Paragraph 1, transparent animals________.
A.stay in groups B.can be easily damaged
C.appear only in deep ocean D.are beautiful creatures
答案：B 细节理解题。根据文章第一段第三句Most of them are extremely delicate and can be damaged by a simple touch.可知，透明生物非常脆弱，轻轻的触碰都可能使其致命，故选B项。
2.The underlined word “dead” in Paragraph 3 means________.
A.silently B.gradually
C.regularly D.completely
答案：D 词义猜测题。文中画线词所在句的句意为：其他的物质吸收光线，完全阻挡光的传播途径。由后面一句中的look different fromother objects around it以及you can see it easily可知，物体不能透明是因为散射光线和吸收光线，光线被完全吸收时变得不透明。由此可以判断句中的dead是副词，意为“完全地”。
3.One way for an animal to become transparent is to________.
A.change the direction of light travel
B.gather materials to scatter light
C.avoid the absorption of light
D.grow bigger to stop light
答案：C 细节理解题。根据第五段第一句To become transparent, an animal needs to keep its body from absorbing or scattering light.可知，动物要想变透明就需要阻止身体吸收或散射光线，故C项是变透明的一个方法。
4.The last paragraph tells us that larger transparent animals ________.
A.move more slowly in deep water
B.stay seethrough even after death
C.produce more tissues for their survival
D.take effective action to reduce light spreading
答案：D 推理判断题。文章最后一段第一句说较大的透明动物面临巨大挑战，因为它们必须尽可能让所有身体组织像水一样降低光线传播的速度。故选D项。
(二)由解释，猜词义
(2015·湖北·B)
What Theresa Loe is doing proves that a large farm isn't a prerequisite for a modern growyourown lifestyle.On a mere 1/10 of an acre in Los Angeles，Loe and her family grow，can (装罐) and preserve much of the food they consume.
Loe is a master food preserver，gardener and canning expert.She also operates a website，where she shares her tips and recipes，with the goal of demonstrating that everyone has the ability to control what's on their plate.
Loe initially went to school to become an engineer，but she quickly learned that her enthusiasm was mainly about growing and preparing her own food.“I got into cooking my own food and started growing my own herbs(香草) and foods for that fresh flavor，”she said.Engineer by day，Loe learned cooking at night school.She ultimately purchased a small piece of land with her husband and began growing their own foods.
“I teach people how to live farmfresh without a farm，”Loe said.Through her website Loe emphasizes that “anybody can do this anywhere.”Got an apartment with a balcony (阳台)?Plant some herbs.A window?Perfect spot for growing.Start with herbs，she recommends，because “they're very forgiving.”Just a little of the herbs “can take your regular cooking to a whole new level，”she added.“I think it's a great place to start.”Then?Try growing something from a seed，she said，like a tomato or some tea.
Canning is a natural extension of the planting she does.With every planted food，Loe noted，there's a moment when it's bursting with its absolute peak flavor.“I try and keep it in a time capsule in a canning jar.”Loe said.“Canning for me is about knowing what's in your food，knowing where it comes from.”
In addition to being more in touch with the food she's eating，another joy comes from passing this knowledge and this desire for good food to her children：“Influencing them and telling them your opinion on not only being careful what we eat but understanding the_bigger_picture，”she said，“that if we don't take care of the earth，no one will.”
文章大意：本文讲述了特丽萨·洛和她的家人以身作则，号召大家自种自吃来保护环境的事迹。
5.The underlined word “prerequisite”(Para.1)is closest in meaning to “________”.
A.recipe B.substitute
C.requirement D.challenge
答案：C 词义猜测题。根据文章第一段第二句可知，特丽萨·洛和她的家人在仅为十分之一英亩的土地上种植，装罐和保存了他们食用的许多食物，与第一句中大农场与现代自种自吃生活方式之间的关系形成对比，可知自种自吃并不需要大面积的土地。故选C项。
6.Why does Loe suggest starting with herbs?
A.They are used daily.
B.They are easy to grow.
C.They can grow very tall.
D.They can be eaten uncooked.
答案：B 细节理解题。根据文章第四段第七句Start with herbs，she recommends, because “they're very forgiving.”可知，草本植物很好种植。forgiving意为“宽恕的;宽容的;宽大的”。故选B项。
7.According to Loe，what is the benefit of canning her planted foods?
A.It can preserve their best flavor.
B.It can promote her online sales.
C.It can better her cooking skills.
D.It can improve their nutrition.
答案：A 细节理解题。根据文章第五段第二句及第三句可知，洛认为每一种种植的食物都有一个味道达到顶峰的时刻，罐装能将这一时刻保留。故选A项。
8.What is the “the bigger picture”(Para.6) that Loe wishes her children to understand?
A.The knowledge about good food.
B.The way to live a growourown life.
C.The joy of getting in touch with foods.
D.The responsibility to protect our earth.
答案：D 词义猜测题。根据文章最后一段最后一句可知...that if we don't take care of the earth，no one will.为同位语从句解释说明the bigger picture的内容，即我们要关注地球，保护地球是我们的责任。故选D项。
(三)指代词，猜词义
