2019年成人高考专升本《英语》备考练习题及答案（13）_第4页

　　Passage Three

　　Nature has devised many ways to protect creatures' eyes. The most common protection is the eyelid--a fold of skin that closes over the eye, protecting it from damage. Eyelashes are useful for keeping out dust and other irritants, and tears wash away any particles that get through the other defenses.

　　Some creatures, including most birds, have three eyelids. The upper and lower lids act like human lids and keep out twigs, dirt and sand. The third eyelid, however, is a semitransparent tissue that crosses over the eye from the inside corner to the outside corner. Because of this protective membrane, birds seldom have to blink. They close their eyes only when they go to sleep. In ducks, this third eyelid self as an underwater diving mask that helps the ducks find food.

　　Most fish and snakes have no eyelids at all. Instead, a hard glassy covering protects their eyes. In fish, water constantly sweeps away dirt from the covering. And a snake's eyesight is usually so bad that a little dirt obscuring its vision does not disturb it greatly.

　　Eyelashes defend the eye by shading it from glare. They also act like miniature brushes to remove dust. Camels have lashes that are four inches long to protect their eyes from windblown sand in the desert.

　　44. A camel has long eyelashes

　　A. to keep windblown sand out of its eyes

　　B. that get in the way of its sight

　　C. to help it see better

　　D. to attract other camels

　　45. The writer implies that eyelids are

　　A. not found on lizards

　　B. nice to look at

　　C. always covered with eyelashes

　　D. the most effective eye protection

　　46. The author compares the duck's third eyelid to a

　　A. tissue

　　B. glassy covering

　　C. tiny brush

　　D. diving mask

　　47. A good title for this passage would be

　　A. Look Out

　　B. Birds' Eyes

　　C. Eyes in the Night

　　D. Protecting the Eye

　　Passage Four

　　As part of an ongoing campaign against polyvinyl chloride (聚氯乙烯 ), a Virginia-based

　　environmental advocacy group today called on manufacturers and retailers to phase out its use in shower curtains. The Center for Health, Environment and Justice (CHEJ) , released the results of a small study indicating that PVC ( 聚氯乙烯)-containing shower curtains are capable of emitting scores of potentially harmful materials, into people's bathrooms. A previous study, conducted by Environmental Protection Agency researchers, also found that plastic shower curtains can emit toxic compounds into the air.

　　There's still debate among scientists about just how serious the health effects are especially at low doses. However, CHEJ urges consumers to avoid using PVC shower curtains, as well as many other PVC products.

　　For people who are concerned about their shower curtains, there are alternatives. IKEA phased out PVC shower curtains 11 years ago, switching to ethylene vinyl acetate (乙烯醋酸共聚物). The company has said that 88 percent of its shower curtains would be PVC free by spring of 2008.

　　Manufacturers are not required to label shower curtains, but some do list" PVC" or" vinyl" on the packaging. Numerous online retailers, sell shower curtains--primarily cotton or hemp--that are free of PVC. However, mildew(发霉) can be a problem with cotton and hemp products.

　　48. What did the study released by the Center for Health, Environment and Justice show?

　　A. That PVC stands for polyvinyl chloride.

　　B. Manufacturers are not required to label shower curtains.

　　C. That most shower curtains sold at IKEA are made from PVC.

　　D. That PVC shower curtains may release potentially harmful materials.

　　49. What material are the shower curtains sold at IKEA made from?

　　A. Ethylene vinyl acetate.

　　B. Polyvinyl chloride.

　　C. Cotton.

　　D. PVC and EVA.

　　50. What's the biggest problem with hemp and cotton shower curtains?

　　A. They are see-through.

　　B. They are too expensive.

　　C. They may cause mildew.

　　D. They emit harmful materials.

　　51. Is it easy for consumers to tell that a shower curtain is made from PVC?

　　A. Yes, that information is always on the shower curtain label.

　　B. Not always, because shower curtains don't have to be labeled.

　　C. Yes, but only if they're made by IKEA after 2008.

　　D. No, because they only contain low doses of PVC.

　　Passage Five

　　Companies that employ illegal immigrants are to be named and shamed in a further attempt to crack down on people smuggling. The move by the Home Office comes four months after officials launched a concerted effort to identify and prosecute companies breaking the law. More than 200 companies have already been fined for hiring illegal labor. The Home Office says names of companies and directors are to be published on the UK Border Agency website. The agency will publish how many illegal immigrants the company was employing and how much it was fined.

　　By May this year there had been 137 prosecutions under the new rules leading to fines totaling 500,000--almost 3,000 per firm. The total number of prosecutions was 10 times more than were carried out in 2007, and double the total for the previous decade.

　　Immigration chiefs are also switching their focus from small-time illegal employers, such as takeaway restaurants, in an effort to major organized criminal enterprises supplying illegal labor, often relying on international networks to smuggle people into the UK.

　　Some 7,500 immigration officers will be re-organized into more localized teams with police and customs officials in an effort to better target what the Home Office says are illegal working hotspots. These could include areas of the economy where there is a high demand for labor including agriculture, construction and hospitality. Nobody knows how many people are working without permission in the UK--although estimates put the number of illegal residents at more than 500,000.

　　Trade Union leaders have also raised concerns about the government's strategy, arguing that it could drive the worst employers further underground, penalizing exceptionally poor workers unable to break out of a situation they did not necessarily choose.

　　52. What has happened in the first four months of the campaign to crack down on companies hiring illegal workers?

　　A. Nothing. The campaign is still in its beginning stage.

　　B. 7,500 immigration officers will be re-organized into more localized teams.

　　C. 200 companies have been fined.

　　D. 3,000 small-time illegal employers have been cracked down.

　　53. What steps will officials take to "shame" these companies?

　　A. They will publish their names as well as the details of the offence online.

　　B. They will shut down their business.

　　C. They will inform the police about the illegal hiring.

　　D. They will give poor workers working permission.

　　54. Immigration officials are now focusing on

　　A. small-time illegal employers

　　B. fining individual workers

　　C. large-scale organized criminal operations

　　D. the government's strategy

　　55. Trade Union officials fear that this new campaign (战役) might end up unjustly penalizing , by driving the employers further underground.

　　A. employers

　　B. workers

　　C. illegal residents

　　D. companies