大学英语四级考试：阅读笔记（21）

Questions 66 to 70 are based on the following passage:
　　66. Psychologists are divided with regard to their attitudes toward _________.
　　A) the choice between spiritual encouragement and monetary rewards
　　B) the amount of monetary rewards for student's creativity
　　C) the study of relationship between actions and their consequences
　　D) the effects of external rewards on students' performance
　　67. What is the response of many educators to external rewards for their students?
　　A) They have no doubts about them.
　　B) They have doubts about them.
　　C) They approve of them.
　　D) They avoid talking about them.
　　68. Which of the following can best raise students' creativity according to Robert Eisenberger?
　　A) Assigning them tasks they have not dealt with before.
　　B) Assigning them tasks which require inventiveness.
　　C) Giving them rewards they really deserve.
　　D) Giving them rewards they anticipate.
　　69. It can be inferred from the passage that major universities are trying to tighten their grading standards because they believe _________.
　　A) rewarding poor performance may kill the creativity of students
　　B) punishment is more effective than rewarding
　　C) failing uninspired students helps improve their overall academic standards
　　D) discouraging the students' anticipation for easy rewards is a matter of urgency
　　70. The phrase "token economies" (Line 1, Para. 5) probably refers to _________.
　　A) ways to develop economy
　　B) systems of rewarding students
　　C) approaches to solving problems
　　D) methods of improving performance
　　Psychologists take opposing views of how external rewards, from warm praise to cold cash, affect motivation and creativity. Behaviorists, who study the relation between actions and their consequences, argue that rewards can improve performance at work and school. Cognitive (认知学派的) researchers, who study various aspects of mental life, maintain that rewards often destroy creativity by encouraging dependence on approval and gifts from others.
　　注：1.opposing 相反的
　　2.插入语 from warm praise to cold cash 用来解释 external rewards
　　3.argue 认为
　　4.maintain 认为，维持
　　●对比型文章：文章提到两种相反观点，抓住以下几点
　　1.文章主题即对比方面；
　　2.抓住各派观点
　　3.抓住作者态度（a.支持一派反对另一派 b.中立态度）
　　The latter view has gained many supporters, especially among educators. But the careful use of
　　small monetary (金钱的) rewards sparks creativity in grade-school children, suggesting that properly presented inducements (刺激) indeed aid inventiveness, according to a study in the June Journal of Personality and Social Psychology.
　　注：1.spark 火花激发
　　2.作者用词 careful, properly 表明作者态度是中立的
　　67. What is the response of many educators to external rewards for their students?
　　A) They have no doubts about them.
　　B) They have doubts about them.
　　C) They approve of them.
　　D) They avoid talking about them.
　　注：只有B 项为负态度
　　"If kids know they're working for a reward and can focus on a relatively challenging task, they show the most creativity, "says Robert Eisenberger of the University of Delaware in Newark. "But it's easy to kill creativity by giving rewards for poor performance or creating too much anticipation for rewards."
　　注：anticipation 期望，预期
　　A teacher who continually draws attention to rewards or who hands out high grades for ordinary achievement ends up with uninspired students, Eisenberger holds. As an example of the latter point, he notes growing efforts at major universities to tighten grading standards and restore failing grades.
　　注：uninspired 没有灵感的
　　inspire 激励，有灵感
　　In earlier grades, the use of so-called token economies, in which students handle challenging problems and receive performance-based points toward valued rewards, shows promise in raising effort and creativity, the Delaware psychologist claims.
　　66. Psychologists are divided with regard to their attitudes toward _________.
　　A) the choice between spiritual encouragement and monetary rewards
　　B) the amount of monetary rewards for student's creativity
　　C) the study of relationship between actions and their consequences
　　D) the effects of external rewards on students' performance
　　注：文章第一段 divided 对应opposing，attitude 对应 views，A和B选项涉及插入语，为次要成分干扰选项，C为窜句干扰选项
　　●窜句选项：根据题干关键词回文章定位对应语句，如该句话包含题干答案，则凡涉及该段其他语句的选项为窜句选项；如该句不包含答案，到其上下句中寻找答案
　　Psychologists take opposing views of how external rewards, from warm praise to cold cash, affect motivation and creativity. Behaviorists, who study the relation between actions and their consequences, argue that rewards can improve performance at work and school. Cognitive (认知学派的) researchers, who study various aspects of mental life, maintain that rewards often destroy creativity by encouraging dependence on approval and gifts from others.
　　68. Which of the following can best raise students' creativity according to Robert Eisenberger?
　　A) Assigning them tasks they have not dealt with before.
　　B) Assigning them tasks which require inventiveness.
　　C) Giving them rewards they really deserve.
　　D) Giving them rewards they anticipate.
　　注：中立调和态度观点，A和B选项来自第三段第一句，错误推理
　　"If kids know they're working for a reward and can focus on a relatively challenging task, they show the most creativity," says Robert Eisenberger of the University of Delaware in Newark. "But it's easy to kill creativity by giving rewards for poor performance or creating too much anticipation for rewards."
　　69. It can be inferred from the passage that major universities are trying to tighten their grading standards because they believe _________.
　　A) rewarding poor performance may kill the creativity of students
　　B) punishment is more effective than rewarding
　　C) failing uninspired students helps improve their overall academic standards
　　D) discouraging the students' anticipation for easy rewards is a matter of urgency
　　A teacher who continually draws attention to rewards or who hands out high grades for ordinary achievement ends up with uninspired students, Eisenberger holds. As an example of the latter point, he notes growing efforts at major universities to tighten grading standards and restore failing grades
　　注：D选项是错误推理
　　70. The phrase "token economies" (Line 1, Para. 5) probably refers to _________.
　　A) ways to develop economy
　　B) systems of rewarding students
　　C) approaches to solving problems
　　D) methods of improving performance
　　注：1.token economy 是与“外部奖励”有关的内容
　　2.A选项是字面意思。有文章主题词的选项优选，本文主题词 reward