2017年翻译资格考试中级口译词汇讲解（4）
由于中国内地的婴儿奶粉曾出现三聚氰胺等质量问题，近年中国内地消费者通过各种途径直接或间接地抢购香港和澳门零售市场的婴儿奶粉，造成港澳当地奶粉市场出现供应紧缺。为缓解当地奶粉供应紧张的状况，2013年3月1日起，香港实行奶粉限购令，打击跨境平行交易。
请看《中国日报》相关报道：
The government of the Hong Kong Special Administrative Region has cracked down on cross-border parallel trading in infant milk formula to ensure local stores don't run out of stock.The new regulation, starting from March 1, allows a person leaving the city to carry a maximumof two cans, or 1.8 kilograms, of infant formula.
香港特别行政区政府已经开始打击婴儿配方奶粉的跨境平行交易，以保证当地商店的奶粉供应。从3月1日起实行新规定，离港人士可携带净重不超过1.8公斤(约两罐)的婴儿配方奶粉。
为打击cross-border parallel trading(跨境平行交易)，确保当地infant milk formula(婴儿配方奶粉)货源供应，香港特区开始实施purchase limits(限购)。尽管有官员表示，99%的mainland-madebaby formula(大陆婴儿配方奶粉)质量合格，还是有人违反规定去香港购买imported milk powder(进口奶粉)。
Parallel trade(平行交易)又称为counter purchase(互购)或reciprocal trade(对购)，是最简单、最常用的reciprocity transaction(对等贸易)形式。互购是一种spot transaction(现汇交易)，是指一方向另一方出口commodity and/or labor services(商品和/或劳务)的同时，承担以所得款项的一部分或全部向对方购买一定数量或金额商品和/或劳务的义务。
on the total economy varies with both the level of utilization of labor and capital in the economy at the time of the expenditure, and the segment of the economy which receives the expenditure. If the economy as a whole or the segment of the economy which is the focus of the expenditure is operating at capacity or close to capacity, then the expenditure’s major effects will tend to be inflationary, and will not generate much employment of capital and labor. If the economy or sector is operating at much less than full employment, the expenditure will produce a genuine (non-inflationary) rise in the GNP.
A true measure of the effect of governmental increase in the amount of money made available, then, is not the simple dollar value of the initial injection but the cumulative effect of this injection through spending and re-spending. In the optimum case the initial expansion of income flow could be great enough to produce tax revenues in excess of the original "deficit spending" or the "tax cut", so that deficits are not only smaller than the increased GNP but are recouped. In Keynesian economics the fundamental point of government policy clearly is not budget-balancing but spending in the event of unused productive capacity and unemployment. Spending increases productivity. This productivity resulting from federal spending has overwhelmed the older economic myths of the balanced budget where government is conceived of as just another business firm.
参考译文：
政府支出对于整个经济的影响作用，受到以下两个因素的制约。第一，政府支出之时劳动力和资本的利用情况;第二，接受(政府)支出的经济部分。如果整个经济或接受(政府)支出的经济领域充分地或接近充分地发挥效能，那么政府支出的效果不会很大，所以资本和劳动力也不会得到充分利用。而如果经济潜能并未充分发挥，政府支出则会真正促进GNP的增长。
对于政府增加支出而产生的效果，真实的衡量标准并非在于最初的支出数额，而在于这一笔开支经过多次投入而产生的长期效果。 在理想的情况下，最初的收入增长产生的税收会超过最初的“负债投入”或“减免的税收”。这样，赤字不仅小于GNP的增长，而且得到了补偿。凯恩斯的经济学理论认为，政府决策的重点并非在于平衡预算，而在于生产能力没有得到充分发挥，失业率居高不下之时增加支出。 联邦支出可以促进生产能力这一理论使得传统的经济理论受到挑战。这是因为后者认为政府应发挥类似公司的职能，尽力平衡预算。
