全国翻译资格中译英常用英语句子结构使用备考：虚拟语气

　　虚拟语气

　　①与现在事实相反

　　若与现在事实相反，虚拟语气的条件从句的谓语用过去式(be通常用were)，主句谓语用“should (would, could, might)+动词原形”。如：

　　If you took a taxi，you'd get there quicker. 如果你坐出租车去，你可以快一点到那里。(但你不坐)

　　If I knew her number I could ring her up. 要是我知道她的电话号码，我就可以给她打电话了。(可惜我不知道)

　　②与过去事实相反

　　若与过去事实相反，虚拟语气的条件从句的谓语用过去完成时(had+过去分词)，主句谓语用“should (would, could, might)+have+过去分词”。如：

　　If I'd left sooner，I'd have been on time. 要是我早点动身，我就准时到了。(但我动身太迟了)

　　If we had found him earlier we could have saved his life. 要是我们当时早点找到他的话，我们就可以救活他。(可惜我们找到他太晚了)

　　③与将来事实相反

　　若与将来事实相反，条件从句的谓语用过去式(be通常用were)，主句谓语用“should (would, could, might)+动词原形”。如：

　　If he went，would you go too? 如果他去，你也去吗?(大概他不会去)

　　If I asked him，I'm sure he'd help us. 如果我向他提出要求，我想他肯定会帮助我们。(不过我不打算这样做)

　　注意与说明：对于与将来事实相反的情形，请注意以下几点：

　　第一，这里说的与将来事实相反，实为对将来情况的推测;

　　第二，此用法中的条件从句谓语除用过去式外，有时也用“should+动词原形”(表示可能性极小，常译为“万一”)或“were to+动词原形”(表示与将来事实相反的假设);

　　第三，当条件从句使用“should+动词原形”这样的谓语时，主句谓语除可用“should (would, could, might)+动词原形”这样的虚拟语气外，也可用陈述语气或祈使语气。如：

　　If I should see him, I'll tell him. 万一我见到他，我就告诉他。

　　If it should rain tomorrow, don’t expect me. 万一明天下雨，就别等我了。

　　④虚拟语气在主语从句中的用法

　　第一种情况：在以it为形式主语的复合句中，虚拟语气在主语从句中表示建议、要求、命令等，谓语动词用should+动词原型，其中should 可以省略。如：

　　It is natural that she (should) do so.

　　她这么做是很自然的事。

　　It is essential that we (should) tell her the news.

　　我们有必要告诉她这个消息。

　　It is important that we (should) make full use of our mineral resources.

　　对我们来说，充分利用我国的矿产资源是重要的。

　　第二种情况：主句的谓语为某些动词的被动语态，常用在It is (was) desired (suggested，settled，proposed， recommended，requested，decided，etc.) that...句型中。

　　It is desired that we (should) get everything ready by tonight.

　　希望一切在今晚准备好。

　　It was arranged that Mr. Sam should go and help Bettie.

　　他们作了安排，由萨姆先生去帮助贝蒂。

　　It is suggested that the question should be discussed at the next meeting.

　　有人建议在下次会上讨论这个问题。

　　It is vital that he should be warned before it is too late.

　　在还不太晚的时候警告他是非常必要的。

　　It has been decided that the sports meet should be postponed till next Friday.

　　已决定运动会延期到下星期五。

　　It was requested that a vote (should) be taken.

　　有人要求进行表决。

　　⑤虚拟语气在宾语从句中的用法

　　wish的宾语从句：

　　I wish prices would come down.

　　我真希望物价会下降。

　　I wish you would stop asking silly questions.

　　我希望你不要再问这种愚蠢的问题。

　　I wish I knew his address.

　　可惜我不知道他的地址。

　　I wish we could go with him.

　　我们要是能跟他一起去该多好。

　　I wish I had known it before.

　　我真希望我预先知道这件事。

　　He wishes he hadn’t been rude to his parents.

　　他真希望他没有对父母无礼。

　　She wished that she had stayed at home.

　　她想那时要是留在家里就好了。

　　I wish I could have been there yesterday.

　　要是我昨天到过那里该多好。

　　would rather等的宾语从句中的谓语动词形式：

　　用would rather(=would sooner)和would just as soon(=would sooner)等表示愿望，但其宾语从句常用虚拟过去式。如：

　　I would rather you came tomorrow than today.

　　我宁愿你明天来，而不是今天。

　　I could do it myself but I would sooner you did it.

　　我自己也可以做，但我宁愿你去做。

　　I would rather you had told me the truth.

　　我倒想你本该把事实真相告诉我。

　　suggest等的宾语从句中的谓语动词形式

　　用should+动词原形或只用动词原形的that 从句，作为demand, order, propose, request, require, suggest, arrange, insist, command, desire, advocate, maintain, urge, recommend等词的宾语。如：

　　The expert proposed that he eat more fruit.

　　专家提议他更多地吃水果。

　　The board recommended that the company (should) invest in the new property.

　　董事会建议公司投资新的房地产。

　　Secretary of War Edwin M. Stanton ordered that James Van Metre should be released.

　　陆军部长埃德温·M·斯坦顿命令将詹姆斯·范·米特释放。

　　He asked that arrangements be made to help them finish the work.

　　他要求做好安排，帮他们完成工作。

　　Experiments demand that accurate measurements be made.

　　实验要求做到准确的计量。

　　She insisted that we take up the matter at the meeting.

　　她坚持要求我们在会上谈这个问题。

　　⑥虚拟语气在表语从句中的用法

　　虚拟语气也可用在表语从句中。这种从句由that所引导，其谓语是 should +动词原形。句子主句中的主语常常是advice， aim， desire， idea， insistence， motion， necessity， order， plan， proposal， recommendation， regulation，requirement， suggestion， wish等。 如：

　　His suggestion was that everyone should have a map.

　　他的建议是每人发一张地图。

　　My idea is that the electronic device should be tested at once.

　　我的意见是这一电子器件要立即试验。

　　⑦虚拟语气在同位语从句中的用法

　　当与同位语从句同位的是suggestion等表示建议、计划、命令等的名词时，从句的谓语动词用should+动词原形，美国英语中常用动词原形。

　　They made the request that the problem should be discussed as soon as possible.

　　他们要求尽快讨论这个问题。

　　He gave orders that the work should be started at once.

　　他命令工作马上开始。

　　The proposal that he (should) be dismissed was supported at the meeting.

　　大会对开除他的提议表示了支持。