2017年翻译资格考试初级笔译模拟题：载人飞船
【汉译英】
载人飞船1
2003年10月16日，中国第一架载人宇宙飞船安全返回地面。这标志着中国成为继美国和前苏联之后第三个成功将人类送上太空的国家。2对于中国来说，这是在航天科技上的巨大突破。
与无人飞船相比，载人飞船因有人类直接参与而在技木上有一些特殊要求，包括：3
1.环境控制
宇航员生活和工作的舱段要求严格密封，并采取环境控制措施，其主要作用是调节舱内和太空服内的温度、湿度和压力，吸收人体新陈代谢产物，控制舱内有害物质，提供氧气、通风、用水并处理废物。4
2.应急救生
载人飞船须配备各种救生装置，在各个飞行阶段可以采用各种不同的应急救生手段。5
3.人工控制6
由人参与操纵和控制飞船，可提高系统的可靠性，处理预料不到的紧急情况。为此载人飞船都设有手动控制装置和各种设备，以便于宇航员工作。
4.安全返回
为确保宇航员安全返回，除了通过隔热层和舱内温度调节进行严格的温度控制，返回过程中的过载程度也必须控制在人的耐受范围内，7同时，较高的落点精度也很重要。
5.高可靠性
载人飞船的各系统和设备均要进行可靠性设计，8关键部件采用备份系统，飞船须在严格的环境条件下进行地面测试和模拟飞行试验，以排除隐患。飞船的设计还要保证宇航员能对有故障的设备进行必要的维修和置换。
从长远的观点看，人类进入外层空间，向宇宙的深度和广度进军是历史的必然。9载人航天技术的发展及其实际应用，对国家的政治、军事、经济和科技等均有重要的影响。
词汇
1.载人飞船manned spaceship
2.舱段module
3.新陈代谢metabolism
4.通风ventilation
5.应急救生emergency lifesaving
6.隔热层thermal-protective coating
7.耐受范围endurance capacity
8.落点精度precision of landing
9.备份backup
10.维修和置换maintenance and replacement
注释
1.载人飞船：manned spaceship
2.本句的主语正是指上一句所陈述的事情，因此可以考虑合并句子。方式有多种，既可以把上一句转换成主语短语，译成the safe return of China's first manned spaceship on October 16，2003，与本句的谓语连接，也可以将上一句作为主句，本句译做非限制性定语从句。
3.这里“与……相比”不要译成compared with，因为文中并没有列举任何无人飞船的特点。此处译成unlike更合适。“有一些要求”的意思是“要符合一些要求”，因此，不要译成“have some requirements“。
4.(太空)舱：module
太空服：spacesuit
新陈代谢产物：end products of metabolism
5.本句的后半句是一个汉语无人称句，翻译时可以转换成被动语态。
应急救生：emergency lifesaving
救生装置：emergency equipment
6.这里的“人工控制”不是指人为的或者人造的，而是指人力的，因此不要译成artificial control，而应译成manual control。
7.本句句子较长，关键是对“除了通过隔热层和舱内温度调节进行严格的温度控制”这一段话的处理，可以考虑使用介词短语和非谓语动词形式译成in addition to the strict temperature control by means of...
“返回过程中的过载程度也必须控制在人的耐受范围内”隐含着被动意义，翻译的时候需要将主动态转变为被动态。
过载：overloading
8.可靠性设计：reliability design
9.历史的必然：historic inevitability
【参考译文】
The Manned Spaceship
The safe return of China's first manned spaceship on October 16, 2003 has made China the third country in the world that has successfully sent man into space following the United States and the former Soviet Union. For China, this has been a huge breakthrough in space technology.
Unlike the unmanned spaceship, the manned spaceship, which involves direct participation of human beings, must meet some special technological requirements.
1.Environmental control
The modules where the astronauts work or live must be tightly sealed and implement an environmental control program to regulate the temperature, humidity and pressure in the modules and the spacesuits, absorb the end products of metabolism, handle harmful matters in the modules, and provide oxygen, ventilation and water while disposing of the waste.
2.Emergency lifesaving
The manned spaceship must be equipped with a variety of emergency equipment so that different emergency lifesaving measures can be adopted at different stages of spaceflight accordingly.
3.Manual control
Human involvement in the operation and control of the spaceship can increase the reliability of the system and help handle unpredictable emergencies; therefore, the manned spaceship is equipped with manual control devices and various apparatuses to make the job more convenient for the astronauts.
4.Safe return
To ensure the safe return of the astronauts, in addition to the strict temperature control by means of the thermal-protective coating and temperature regulation in the modules, the force of overloading during the landing process must also be restricted within man's endurance capacity.
Meanwhile, high precision of landing is also very important.
5.High reliability
All the systems and equipment of the manned spaceship must undergo reliability design, and the key units must have backup systems. The spaceship must pass ground test and simulated flight test under strict control of environments so as to avoid hidden perils. The design of the spaceship must also allow the astronauts to carry out maintenance and replacement in case of equipment failure.
From a long-term point of view, it is a historic inevitability for man to venture into the outer space and explore the universe in depth and in width. The development and application of manned spaceflight technology will have great influence on a country's politics, military affairs, economy and science and technology.
